Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
Endocrinology. 2019 Feb 1;160(2):399-408. doi: 10.1210/en.2018-01010.
The etiology of diabetes and associated metabolic derailments is a complex process that relies on crosstalk between metabolically active tissues. Dysregulation of secreted factors and metabolites from islets, adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle contributes to the overall progression of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are circulating nanovesicles secreted by most cell types and are comprised of bioactive cargoes that are horizontally transferred to targeted cells/tissues. Accumulating evidence from the past decade implicates the role of EVs as mediators of islet cell dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, and other metabolic consequences associated with diabetes. This review covers a broad spectrum of basic EV biology (i.e., biogenesis, secretion, and uptake), including a comprehensive investigation of the emerging role of EVs in β-cell autocrine/paracrine interactions and the multidirectional crosstalk in metabolically active tissues. Understanding the utility of this novel means of intercellular communication could impart insight into the development of new treatment regimens and biomarker detection to treat diabetes.
糖尿病及其相关代谢紊乱的病因是一个复杂的过程，依赖于代谢活跃组织之间的串扰。胰岛、脂肪组织、肝脏和骨骼肌中分泌因子和代谢物的失调导致糖尿病和代谢综合征的整体进展。细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 是大多数细胞类型分泌的循环纳米囊泡，由生物活性货物组成，这些货物被水平转移到靶细胞/组织。过去十年的大量证据表明，EVs 作为胰岛细胞功能障碍、炎症、胰岛素抵抗和其他与糖尿病相关的代谢后果的介质发挥作用。这篇综述涵盖了 EV 生物学的广泛范围（即生物发生、分泌和摄取），包括对 EV 在 β 细胞自分泌/旁分泌相互作用以及代谢活跃组织中的多方向串扰中的新兴作用的全面研究。了解这种新型细胞间通讯的用途可以深入了解新的治疗方案和生物标志物检测的发展，以治疗糖尿病。
