ncRNAs in Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases.

Inflammatory and infectious diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammation is central to maintenance of organismal homeostasis upon infection, tissue damage, and malignancy. It occurs transiently in response to diverse stimuli (e.g., physical, radioactive, infective, pro-allergenic, or toxic), and in some cases may manifest itself in chronic diseases. To limit the potentially deleterious effects of acute or chronic inflammatory responses, complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory networks have evolved, often involving nonprotein-coding RNAs (ncRNA). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of posttranscriptional regulators that control mRNA translation and stability. Long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are a very diverse group of transcripts >200 nt, functioning among others as scaffolds or decoys both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. By now, it is well established that miRNAs and lncRNAs are implicated in all major cellular processes including control of cell death, proliferation, or metabolism. Extensive research over the last years furthermore revealed a fundamental role of ncRNAs in pathogen recognition and inflammatory responses. This chapter reviews and summarizes the current knowledge on regulatory ncRNA networks in infection and inflammation.