Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing 100021, China.
NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, the Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing 100021, China.
Viruses. 2019 Jan 14;11(1):59. doi: 10.3390/v11010059.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have formerly been regarded as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. However, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier, caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. This brought CoVs global attention and highlighted the importance of controlling infectious pathogens at international borders. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as provides details on the pivotal structure and function of the spike proteins (S proteins) on the surface of each of these viruses. For building up more suitable animal models, we compare the current animal models recapitulating pathogenesis and summarize the potential role of host receptors contributing to diverse host affinity in various species. We outline the research still needed to fully elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of these viruses, to construct reproducible animal models, and ultimately develop countermeasures to conquer not only SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but also these emerging coronaviral diseases.
冠状病毒（CoVs）以前被认为是对人类相对无害的呼吸道病原体。然而，两次由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）引起的严重呼吸道感染爆发，是由于人畜共患的 CoV 跨越物种屏障，导致人类种群中出现高致病性和高死亡率。这引起了全球对 CoV 的关注，并强调了在国际边界控制传染病病原体的重要性。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了我们对 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 的流行病学、发病机制、预防和治疗的现有认识，并详细介绍了这些病毒表面的刺突蛋白（S 蛋白）的关键结构和功能。为了建立更合适的动物模型，我们比较了目前能够重现发病机制的动物模型，并总结了宿主受体在不同物种中对不同宿主亲和力的潜在作用。我们概述了阐明这些病毒发病机制、构建可重现的动物模型以及最终开发对策以攻克不仅是 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV ，而且是这些新兴冠状病毒病所需的研究。
