Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
Department of Human Development, State College, Pennsylvannia and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020 Apr 16;75(5):e1-e12. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbz001.
The present study examined potential sources of intra- and inter-individual differences in older adults' control beliefs using a micro-longitudinal design.
Older adults (n = 205) ranging in age from 60 to 94 (M = 72.70, SD = 6.72) completed 8 in-person testing sessions within 3 weeks which included assessments of control beliefs (Locus of Control and Perceived Competence), physical health (physical symptoms and sleep self-efficacy), stressors, emotional well-being (Positive Affect and Negative Affect), and cognition (basic cognition tests, everyday cognition, and memory failures).
Multilevel models indicated that on days when older adults had higher sleep self-efficacy, more positive affect, and less negative affect, they also had more internal locus of control and higher perceived competence. Having stressors on the previous occasion was associated with lower internal locus of control on the subsequent occasion. Physical symptoms, everyday cognition, and memory failures could be predictive of locus of control for some older adults.
Our findings showed the differentiated antecedents of locus of control and perceived competence, the unique role of sleep self-efficacy, positive affect, and negative affect in understanding antecedents of both, as well as the need to study well-being and cognition antecedents of control beliefs in future studies.
本研究采用微观纵向设计，考察了老年人控制信念个体内和个体间差异的潜在来源。
年龄在 60 至 94 岁之间的老年人（n=205），平均年龄为 72.70 岁（标准差=6.72），在 3 周内完成了 8 次面对面测试，包括控制信念（控制源和感知能力）、身体健康（身体症状和睡眠自我效能）、压力源、情绪健康（积极情绪和消极情绪）和认知（基本认知测试、日常认知和记忆失败）的评估。
多层次模型表明，当老年人的睡眠自我效能感、积极情绪和消极情绪更高时，他们也具有更强的内部控制源和更高的感知能力。前一次有压力源会导致下一次的内部控制源降低。身体症状、日常认知和记忆失败可能会对某些老年人的控制源产生预测作用。
我们的研究结果显示了控制源和感知能力的不同前因，睡眠自我效能感、积极情绪和消极情绪在理解两者的前因方面具有独特作用，以及未来研究需要研究幸福感和认知对控制信念前因的影响。
