Biczak Robert, Telesiński Arkadiusz, Sysa Marcin, Godela Agnieszka, Pawłowska Barbara
The Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland.
The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Aug 22;26(17):8156. doi: 10.3390/ijms26178156.
Ampicillin (AMP) and amoxicillin (AMX) are widely used penicillin antibiotics. After administration to humans and animals, they are largely excreted in unchanged or metabolized forms, leading to their release into wastewater. In surface waters, their concentrations usually reach the ng∙L range and rarely exceed µg∙L, although in India AMX levels above mg∙L were detected in hospital effluents. The limited efficiency of wastewater treatment plants allows these compounds to enter aquatic and terrestrial environments, where they affect various organisms. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of AMP, AMX, and their mixture on wheat, one of the most extensively cultivated cereals. Determinations were carried out using standardized methodologies. The results showed that antibiotics induce oxidative stress in plants, with symptoms observed only at concentrations of 1000 mg∙kg of soil DW. At this level, changes included altered antioxidant enzyme activity (APX, SOD, POD, and CAT), increased proline and HO content, and reduced MDA levels. By contrast, antibiotics had minimal influence on glutathione and ascorbate and caused only slight changes in photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence.
氨苄青霉素（AMP）和阿莫西林（AMX）是广泛使用的青霉素类抗生素。在给人类和动物使用后，它们大多以未改变的形式或代谢产物排出体外，从而导致其释放到废水中。在地表水中，它们的浓度通常达到纳克/升范围，很少超过微克/升，不过在印度，医院废水中检测到的阿莫西林水平高于毫克/升。污水处理厂的效率有限，使得这些化合物进入水生和陆地环境，在那里它们会影响各种生物。本研究的目的是评估氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林及其混合物对小麦（一种种植最为广泛的谷物）的影响。使用标准化方法进行了测定。结果表明，抗生素会在植物中诱导氧化应激，仅在土壤干重浓度为1000毫克/千克时才观察到症状。在此水平下，变化包括抗氧化酶活性（抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶）改变、脯氨酸和过氧化氢含量增加以及丙二醛水平降低。相比之下，抗生素对谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸的影响极小，并且仅对光合色素和叶绿素荧光造成轻微变化。
