Detection measures for visual inspection of X-ray images of passenger baggage.

In visual inspection tasks, such as airport security and medical screening, researchers often use the detection measures d' or A' to analyze detection performance independent of response tendency. However, recent studies that manipulated the frequency of targets (target prevalence) indicate that d with a slope parameter of 0.6 is more valid for such tasks than d' or A'. We investigated the validity of detection measures (d', A', and d) using two experiments. In the first experiment, 31 security officers completed a simulated X-ray baggage inspection task while response tendency was manipulated directly through instruction. The participants knew half of the prohibited items used in the study from training, whereas the other half were novel, thereby establishing two levels of task difficulty. The results demonstrated that for both levels, d' and A' decreased when the criterion became more liberal, whereas d with a slope parameter of 0.6 remained constant. Eye-tracking data indicated that manipulating response tendency affected the decision component of the inspection task rather than search errors. In the second experiment, 124 security officers completed another simulated X-ray baggage inspection task. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on confidence ratings provided further support for d, and the estimated slope parameter was 0.5. Consistent with previous findings, our results imply that d' and A' are not valid measures of detection performance in X-ray image inspection. We recommend always calculating d with a slope parameter of 0.5 in addition to d' to avoid potentially wrong conclusions if ROC curves are not available.