Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Soeborg, Denmark.
Nutrition. 2019 May;61:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.10.021. Epub 2018 Oct 26.
The aim of the present study was to examine dietary habits and adherence to dietary recommendations in adult patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared with the general population in Denmark.
The study was cross-sectional and included 426 patients with T1D and 348 patients with T2D recruited from an outpatient diabetes clinic in the capital region of Denmark. Dietary habits were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and compared with dietary data from 2,899 participants without diabetes from the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity.
Patients with diabetes had a 20-50% lower intake of added sugar and alcohol, and a 10-20% higher intake of fibre and vegetables compared with the general population (p<0.001 for all). Patients with T2D had a 37% lower intake of alcohol compared with T1D (p<0.001). Adherence to dietary recommendations (e.g. fibre, saturated fat, vegetables, fruit and fish) were low in all groups but lowest in the general population.
The Danish diet is too high in saturated fat and too low in dietary fibre, vegetable, fruit and fish compared to dietary recommendations in both patients with diabetes and the general population. However, our data demonstrate that patients with diabetes consume a healthier diet compared to the general population: Limiting the intake of added sugar and alcohol, and increasing the intake of vegetables and dietary fibre.
本研究旨在比较丹麦 1 型糖尿病（T1D）和 2 型糖尿病（T2D）成年患者与普通人群的饮食习惯和对饮食建议的依从性。
本研究为横断面研究，纳入了来自丹麦首都地区一家门诊糖尿病诊所的 426 名 T1D 患者和 348 名 T2D 患者。通过食物频率问卷评估饮食习惯，并与来自丹麦全国饮食习惯和体力活动调查的 2899 名无糖尿病参与者的饮食数据进行比较。
与普通人群相比，糖尿病患者的添加糖和酒精摄入量低 20-50%，膳食纤维和蔬菜摄入量高 10-20%（p<0.001 ）。与 T1D 患者相比，T2D 患者的酒精摄入量低 37%（p<0.001）。所有组的饮食建议（如膳食纤维、饱和脂肪、蔬菜、水果和鱼类）的依从性都较低，但普通人群的依从性最低。
与糖尿病患者和普通人群的饮食建议相比，丹麦的饮食中饱和脂肪含量过高，膳食纤维、蔬菜、水果和鱼类含量过低。然而，我们的数据表明，与普通人群相比，糖尿病患者的饮食更健康：限制添加糖和酒精的摄入，增加蔬菜和膳食纤维的摄入。
