School of Economics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Sustainability Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Apr 20;662:65-76. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.108. Epub 2019 Jan 14.
Within a single integrated globalized economy featuring robust fluxes of interregional trades, the world economy is like a giant bathtub containing the world inventory of energy use. Based on different norms or ethic percepts, the energy use of the world economy is reallocated to nations and regions via global supply chain using normative accounting schemes. By combining typical statistics for world economy 2012, a new perspective is presented in this study to look into the energy use of regional economies from the side of genuine final consumers. Parallel to the final-demand-based accounting method, a total-consumption-based multi-region input-output accounting method is developed following the norm of consumption being the ultimate end and purpose of all producing activities. From a total-consumption-based perspective, the energy use of the United States economy is shown in magnitude 1.8 times that of mainland China, compared to a ratio of 88% from a territorial-based perspective. The consumer-product-related trade imbalances of major economies in terms of both currency and energy use are analyzed, with major interregional net trade flows illustrated. While the United States and mainland China are respectively revealed as the leading net exporter and net importer of currency, the energy trade deficit of the latter is in magnitude around four times the energy trade surplus of the former. The trade structures by geography and sector are respectively presented for the United States and mainland China as two distinct economies. It is found that around half of the United States' exports of energy use originate from transport and service industries, while nearly 90% of mainland China's exports of energy use come from heavy industry. The findings are supportive for nations to identify their roles in the global supply chain from the perspective of genuine final consumers and adjust the trade patterns for sustained energy use.
在一个全球化的单一经济体中，区域间贸易强劲流动，世界经济就像一个巨大的浴缸，容纳着全球能源使用的库存。基于不同的规范或伦理观念，世界经济的能源使用通过全球供应链，在规范的核算方案下，重新分配到各个国家和地区。本研究结合 2012 年世界经济的典型统计数据，从真正的最终消费者的角度，提出了一种新的视角，来看待区域经济的能源使用。与基于最终需求的核算方法并行，本研究开发了一种基于总消费的多区域投入产出核算方法，其规范是消费是所有生产活动的最终目的和归宿。从总消费的角度来看，美国经济的能源使用量是中国的 1.8 倍，而从领土角度来看，这一比例为 88%。分析了主要经济体在货币和能源使用方面与消费者产品相关的贸易失衡，并说明了主要的区域间净贸易流动。尽管美国和中国大陆分别是货币和能源使用方面的主要净出口国和净进口国，但后者的能源贸易逆差规模约为前者的能源贸易顺差的四倍。分别以美国和中国大陆这两个不同的经济体为例，展示了按地理位置和部门划分的贸易结构。结果发现，美国能源使用出口的约一半来自运输和服务业，而中国大陆能源使用出口的近 90%来自重工业。这些发现有助于各国从真正的最终消费者的角度，确定其在全球供应链中的角色，并调整贸易模式，以实现可持续的能源使用。
