Shepard Jun U, Pratson Lincoln F
Duke University (Nicholas School of the Environment), 9 Circuit Drive, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
Appl Energy. 2020 Dec 1;279:115806. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115806. Epub 2020 Sep 15.
National energy security depends on a stable network of international trade in not only primary energy (e.g., crude oil and natural gas) and secondary energy (electricity), but also embodied energy. The latter consists of both direct energy used to directly produce a final good (e.g., crude oil used to make synthetic rubber), and indirect energy incorporated in intermediate goods and services used to make a final product (e.g., coal used to smelt iron into steel that goes into the frames of cars). While studies have analyzed international trade in embodied energy, the global flow of the indirect component of this energy has not been explicitly examined. Here we develop and apply a new hybrid input-output database of energy flows within and among the world's largest 136 economies so as to compare and contrast energy security metrics of indirect energy against direct energy. We find that 23% of the world's embodied energy network is comprised of trade linkages in indirect energy between primary energy producing countries and other countries with which they do not have direct trade ties. We also find that the global economy is 90% more dependent on imports of indirect energy than direct energy and, unsurprisingly, that countries generally have many more trading partners in indirect energy than they do in direct energy. These differences in energy security metrics are assessed at the global, sectoral, and national levels over the years 2000-2015. The differences point to critical intermediary country nodes in the global trade network of indirect energy, principally the United States, China, and Russia.
国家能源安全不仅取决于一次能源（如原油和天然气）和二次能源（电力）国际贸易的稳定网络，还取决于隐含能源。后者既包括用于直接生产最终产品的直接能源（如用于制造合成橡胶的原油），也包括包含在用于制造最终产品的中间产品和服务中的间接能源（如用于将铁冶炼成用于汽车车架的钢的煤炭）。虽然已有研究分析了隐含能源的国际贸易，但这种能源的间接组成部分的全球流动尚未得到明确研究。在此，我们开发并应用了一个新的混合投入产出数据库，该数据库涵盖了世界上最大的136个经济体内部及之间的能源流动，以便比较和对比间接能源与直接能源的能源安全指标。我们发现，全球隐含能源网络的23%由一次能源生产国与它们没有直接贸易关系的其他国家之间的间接能源贸易联系构成。我们还发现，全球经济对间接能源进口的依赖程度比对直接能源进口的依赖程度高90%，而且不出所料的是，各国在间接能源方面的贸易伙伴通常比在直接能源方面的贸易伙伴多得多。在2000年至2015年期间，我们在全球、部门和国家层面评估了这些能源安全指标的差异。这些差异指出了间接能源全球贸易网络中的关键中介国家节点，主要是美国、中国和俄罗斯。
