Haemophilus influenzae: antibiotic susceptibility.

Ampicillin resistance was first reported among clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in 1972. Reports of chloramphenicol resistance followed shortly thereafter. The principal mechanism of resistance to these two antibiotics is enzymatic. Although other mechanisms have been described, they are found in comparatively few strains. The genetic information for the inactivating enzymes is plasmid mediated and therefore readily transmissible to susceptible strains. Consequently, effective therapy for invasive disease caused by this pathogen has been seriously compromised. As antibiotic susceptibility became less predictable, in vitro testing became increasingly important. Unfortunately, the standardization of methods for laboratory testing has been slow and complicated by the fastidious nature of the organisms. This review traces the development of antibiotic resistance in H. influenzae, discusses the mechanisms which appear to be important in mediating resistance, explores newer antimicrobial agents which might be useful in the treatment of infection, and analyzes the various approaches to in vitro testing.