Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Kerman, Iran.
Department of food hygiene and quality control, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Mar;26(9):8798-8807. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04327-7. Epub 2019 Feb 2.
The immunostimulating and therapeutic properties of Ginkgo biloba (GB) have always been the focus of traditional medicine over thousands of years. During last decade, special attentions were paid to use of GB in aquaculture to enhance fish health and survival. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the immunogenic effects of dietary GB against oxidative and toxicity induced by organophosphate pesticide, diazinon. In non-diazinon-exposed fish, the plasma total immunoglobulin, lysozyme activity, and peroxidase activity significantly elevated after 60-day experiment in fish supplemented with 1 and 2 g GB/kg diet (p < 0.05). The respiratory burst activity and complement activity significantly increased only in groups supplemented with 0.5 g GB/kg diet (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the peroxidase activity, total immunoglobulin, and lysozyme activity significantly declined in groups supplemented with 4 g GB/kg diet during feeding trial (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) genes in kidney between control group (non-GB-supplemented fish) and GB-supplemented fish (p > 0.05). In diazinon-exposed fish, all immunity components significantly decreased during exposure in control and those fed 0.5 and 4 g GB/kg diet (p < 0.05). In fish fed 1 and 2 g GB/kg diet, no alternations were found in immunity components during exposure period (p > 0.05). In addition, diazinon induced the expression of IL-1β and TGF-β1 genes in control and fish fed 0.5 and 4 g GB/kg diet (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in expression of IL-1β and TGF-β1 genes in fish supplemented with 1 and 2 g GB/kg (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest an immunogenic role for dietary GB at optimum dietary levels (1-2 g GB/kg diet) against toxicity induced by diazinon. Nevertheless, GB at high dietary levels (4 g GB/kg diet) showed immunosuppressive effects, which makes it necessary to optimize its levels in diet.
千百年来，银杏（GB）的免疫刺激和治疗特性一直是传统医学的关注焦点。在过去的十年中，特别关注将 GB 用于水产养殖以提高鱼类的健康和存活率。在本研究中，我们首次研究了膳食 GB 对有机磷农药敌百虫诱导的鱼类氧化和毒性的免疫原性作用。在未暴露于敌百虫的鱼类中，在补充 1 和 2 g GB/kg 饮食的鱼类中，血浆总免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶活性和过氧化物酶活性在 60 天实验后显著升高（p < 0.05）。仅在补充 0.5 g GB/kg 饮食的组中，呼吸爆发活性和补体活性显著增加（p < 0.05）。此外，在喂食试验期间，补充 4 g GB/kg 饮食的组中过氧化物酶活性、总免疫球蛋白和溶菌酶活性显著下降（p < 0.05）。在肾脏中，对照组（未补充 GB 的鱼类）和补充 GB 的鱼类之间白细胞介素 1β（IL-1β）和转化生长因子β 1（TGF-β1）基因的表达没有差异（p > 0.05）。在暴露于敌百虫的鱼类中，对照组和补充 0.5 和 4 g GB/kg 饮食的鱼类中所有免疫成分在暴露期间均显著下降（p < 0.05）。在补充 1 和 2 g GB/kg 饮食的鱼类中，在暴露期间未发现免疫成分发生变化（p > 0.05）。此外，敌百虫诱导对照组和补充 0.5 和 4 g GB/kg 饮食的鱼类中 IL-1β和 TGF-β1 基因的表达（p < 0.05）。在补充 1 和 2 g GB/kg 的鱼类中，IL-1β和 TGF-β1 基因的表达没有观察到显著变化（p > 0.05）。综上所述，本研究的结果表明，膳食 GB 在最佳膳食水平（1-2 g GB/kg 饮食）下具有针对敌百虫诱导的毒性的免疫原性作用。然而，高膳食水平（4 g GB/kg 饮食）的 GB 表现出免疫抑制作用，因此有必要优化其在饮食中的水平。
