National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Front Immunol. 2019 Jan 25;9:3138. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03138. eCollection 2018.
Emerging evidence has proved that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in various physiological and pathological processes. Recent evidence has demonstrated that lncRNAs are crucial regulators of virus infections and antiviral immune responses. Upon viral infections, significant changes take place at the transcriptional level and the majority of the expression modifications occur in lncRNAs from both the host and viral genomes with dynamic regulatory courses. These lncRNAs exert diverse effects. Some are antiviral either through directly inhibiting viral infections or through stimulating antiviral immune responses, while others are pro-viral through directly promoting virus replication or through influencing cellular status, such as suppressing antiviral mechanisms. Consequently, these dynamic regulations lead to disparate pathophysiological outcomes and clinical manifestations. This review will focus on the roles of lncRNAs in viral infection and antiviral responses, summarize expression patterns of both host- and virally derived lncRNAs, describe their acting stages and modes of action, discuss challenges and novel concepts, and propose solutions and perspectives. Research into lncRNA will help identify novel viral infection-related regulators and design preventative and therapeutic strategies against virus-related diseases and immune disorders.
新出现的证据证明，长链非编码 RNA（lncRNA）参与了各种生理和病理过程。最近的证据表明，lncRNA 是病毒感染和抗病毒免疫反应的重要调节剂。在病毒感染时，转录水平会发生显著变化，宿主和病毒基因组中的大多数表达修饰都发生在 lncRNA 上，并且具有动态的调控过程。这些 lncRNA 发挥了多种作用。有些是抗病毒的，要么通过直接抑制病毒感染，要么通过刺激抗病毒免疫反应，而有些则是促病毒的，要么通过直接促进病毒复制，要么通过影响细胞状态，如抑制抗病毒机制。因此，这些动态调节导致了不同的病理生理结果和临床表现。本综述将重点关注 lncRNA 在病毒感染和抗病毒反应中的作用，总结宿主和病毒衍生的 lncRNA 的表达模式，描述它们的作用阶段和作用模式，讨论挑战和新的概念，并提出解决方案和展望。对 lncRNA 的研究将有助于鉴定新型病毒感染相关调节剂，并设计针对病毒相关疾病和免疫紊乱的预防和治疗策略。
