Harvey Cliff J D C, Schofield Grant M, Zinn Caryn, Thornley Simon J, Crofts Catherine, Merien Fabrice L R
Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
PeerJ. 2019 Feb 5;7:e6273. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6273. eCollection 2019.
Low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diets are useful for treating a range of health conditions, but there is little research evaluating the degree of carbohydrate restriction on outcome measures. This study compares anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes between differing carbohydrate-restricted diets.
Our hypothesis was that moderate carbohydrate restriction is easier to maintain and more effective for improving cardiometabolic health markers than greater restriction.
A total of 77 healthy participants were randomised to a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD), low-carbohydrate diet (LCD), or moderate-low carbohydrate diet (MCD), containing 5%, 15% and 25% total energy from carbohydrate, respectively, for 12-weeks. Anthropometric and metabolic health measures were taken at baseline and at 12 weeks. Using ANOVA, both within and between-group outcomes were analysed.
Of 77 participants, 39 (51%) completed the study. In these completers overall, significant reductions in weight and body mass index occurred ((mean change) 3.7 kg/m; 95% confidence limits (CL): 3.8, 1.8), along with increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (0.49 mmol/L; 95% CL; 0.06, 0.92; = 0.03), and total cholesterol concentrations (0.11 mmol/L; 95% CL; 0.00, 0.23; = 0.05). Triglyceride (TG) levels were reduced by 0.12 mmol/L (95% CL; -0.20, 0.02; = 0.02). No significant changes occurred between groups. The largest improvements in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and TG and anthropometric changes occurred for the VLCKD group.
Low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets have a positive effect on markers of health. Adherence to the allocation of carbohydrate was more easily achieved in MCD, and LCD groups compared to VLCKD and there were comparable improvements in weight loss and waist circumference and greater improvements in HDL-c and TG with greater carbohydrate restriction.
低碳水化合物、高脂肪（LCHF）饮食对治疗一系列健康状况有用，但很少有研究评估碳水化合物限制程度对结果指标的影响。本研究比较了不同碳水化合物限制饮食之间的人体测量和心脏代谢结果。
我们的假设是，与更大程度的限制相比，适度的碳水化合物限制更容易维持，并且对改善心脏代谢健康指标更有效。
总共77名健康参与者被随机分配到极低碳水化合物生酮饮食（VLCKD）、低碳水化合物饮食（LCD）或中度低碳水化合物饮食（MCD）组，分别摄入来自碳水化合物的5%、15%和25%的总能量，为期12周。在基线和12周时进行人体测量和代谢健康测量。使用方差分析对组内和组间结果进行分析。
77名参与者中，39名（51%）完成了研究。在这些完成者总体中，体重和体重指数显著降低（（平均变化）3.7kg/m；95%置信区间（CL）：3.8，1.8），同时高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高（0.49mmol/L；95%CL；0.06，0.92；P = 0.03），总胆固醇浓度升高（0.11mmol/L；95%CL；0.00，0.23；P = 0.05）。甘油三酯（TG）水平降低了0.12mmol/L（95%CL；-0.20，0.02；P = 0.02）。组间未发生显著变化。VLCKD组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-c）、TG和人体测量变化改善最大。
低碳水化合物、高脂肪饮食对健康指标有积极影响。与VLCKD相比，MCD组和LCD组更容易实现碳水化合物分配的依从性，并且在体重减轻和腰围方面有相当的改善，在HDL-c和TG方面，碳水化合物限制越大改善越大。
