Calogero Enrico, Fabiani Iacopo, Pugliese Nicola Riccardo, Santini Veronica, Ghiadoni Lorenzo, Di Stefano Rossella, Galetta Fabio, Sartucci Ferdinando, Penno Giuseppe, Berchiolli Raffaella, Ferrari Mauro, Cioni Dania, Napoli Vinicio, De Caterina Raffaele, Di Bello Vitantonio, Caramella Davide
Department of Medical, Surgical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy.
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy.
J Cardiovasc Echogr. 2018 Oct-Dec;28(4):218-227. doi: 10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_57_18.
The introduction of three-dimensional echography (3D echo) in vascular field is not recent, but it still remains a seldom-used technique because of the costs of ultrasound probe and the need of dedicated laboratories. Therefore, despite significant prognostic implications, the high diagnostic accuracy in plaque definition, and the relative ease of use, 3D echo in vascular field is a niche technique. The purpose of this review is mainly clinical and intends to demonstrate the potential strength of a 3D approach, including technical aspects, in order to present to clinicians and imagers the appealing aspects of a noninvasive and radiation-free methodology with relevant diagnostic and prognostic correlates in the assessment of carotid atherosclerosis. A comprehensive literature search (since 1990s to date) using the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane libraries databases has been conducted. Articles written in English have been assessed, including reviews, clinical trials, meta-analyses, and interventional/observational studies. Manual cross-referencing was also performed, and relevant references from selected articles were reviewed. The search was limited to studies conducted in humans. Search terms, retrieved also with PubMed Advanced search and AND/OR Boolean operators (mainly in title and abstract), included three-dimensional, echo, stroke/transient ischemic attack, predictors, carotid, imaging, and biomarkers.
三维超声心动图（3D 超声）引入血管领域并非近期之事，但由于超声探头成本以及对专用实验室的需求，它仍然是一种很少使用的技术。因此，尽管具有显著的预后意义、在斑块定义方面具有较高的诊断准确性且相对易于使用，但血管领域的 3D 超声仍是一种小众技术。本综述的目的主要是临床方面的，旨在展示 3D 方法的潜在优势，包括技术方面，以便向临床医生和影像专家介绍一种无创且无辐射方法的吸引人之处，该方法在评估颈动脉粥样硬化方面具有相关的诊断和预后关联。我们使用 PubMed、MEDLINE 和考科蓝图书馆数据库进行了全面的文献检索（自 20 世纪 90 年代至今）。对用英文撰写的文章进行了评估，包括综述、临床试验、荟萃分析以及干预性/观察性研究。还进行了手动交叉引用，并对所选文章的相关参考文献进行了审查。检索限于在人类中进行的研究。检索词也通过 PubMed 高级搜索以及 AND/OR 布尔运算符（主要在标题和摘要中）获取，包括三维、超声、中风/短暂性脑缺血发作、预测因素、颈动脉、成像和生物标志物。
