Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada ; and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.
Physiol Rev. 2019 Apr 1;99(2):1223-1248. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2018.
Neutrophils have always been considered as uncomplicated front-line troopers of the innate immune system equipped with limited proinflammatory duties. Yet recently, the role of the neutrophil has been undergoing a rejuvenation of sorts. Neutrophils are now considered complex cells capable of a significant array of specialized functions, and as an effector of the innate immune response, they are able to regulate many processes such as acute injury and repair, cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory processes. Furthermore, evidence exists to indicate that neutrophils also contribute to adaptive immunity by aiding the development of specific adaptive immune responses or guiding the subsequent adaptive immune response. With this revived interest in neutrophils and their many novel functions, it is prudent to review what is currently known about neutrophils and, even more importantly, understand what information is lacking. We discuss the essential features of the neutrophil, from its origins, lifespan, subsets, margination and sequestration of the neutrophil to the death of the neutrophil. We highlight neutrophil recruitment to both infected and injured tissues and outline differences in recruitment of neutrophils between different tissues. Finally, we examine how neutrophils use different mechanisms to either bolster protective immune responses or negatively cause pathological outcomes at different locations.
中性粒细胞一直被认为是先天免疫系统中简单的一线战士，只具备有限的促炎作用。然而，最近，中性粒细胞的作用正在经历某种程度的复兴。中性粒细胞现在被认为是能够执行多种特殊功能的复杂细胞，作为先天免疫反应的效应细胞，它们能够调节许多过程，如急性损伤和修复、癌症、自身免疫和慢性炎症过程。此外，有证据表明，中性粒细胞还通过帮助特定适应性免疫反应的发展或指导随后的适应性免疫反应来促进适应性免疫。鉴于人们对中性粒细胞及其多种新功能重新产生了兴趣，有必要回顾一下目前已知的关于中性粒细胞的信息，更重要的是，了解哪些信息还缺乏。我们讨论了中性粒细胞的基本特征，包括其起源、寿命、亚群、边缘和隔离以及中性粒细胞的死亡。我们强调了中性粒细胞向感染和受损组织的募集，并概述了不同组织中中性粒细胞募集的差异。最后，我们研究了中性粒细胞如何利用不同的机制在不同的部位增强保护性免疫反应或产生负面的病理结果。
