1 Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA.
2 Urban GISc Laboratory, Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA.
Public Health Rep. 2019 Mar/Apr;134(2):164-171. doi: 10.1177/0033354918824330. Epub 2019 Feb 14.
Researchers have identified associations between neighborhood-level factors (eg, income level, tobacco retailer density) and smoking behavior, but few studies have assessed these factors in urban environments. We explored the effect of tobacco retailer density, neighborhood poverty, and housing type (multiunit and public) on smoking in a large urban environment (New York City).
We used data on smoking prevalence and individual sociodemographic characteristics from the 2011-2013 New York City Community Health Survey, data on tobacco retailers from the 2012 New York City Department of Consumer Affairs, data on neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and population density from the 2009-2013 American Community Survey, and data on multiunit and public housing from the 2012 New York City Primary Land Use Tax Lot Output data set. We used aggregate neighborhood-level variables and ordinary least squares regression, geographic weighted regression, and multilevel models to assess the effects of tobacco retailer density and neighborhood poverty on smoking prevalence, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education) and neighborhood population density. We also assessed interactions between tobacco retailer density and poverty and each housing type on smoking.
Neighborhood poverty positively and significantly modified the association between tobacco retailer density and prevalence of neighborhood smoking ( β = 0.003, P = .01) when we controlled for population density, sociodemographic characteristics, and types of housing. Neighborhood poverty was positively associated with the prevalence of individual smoking ( β = 0.0099, P < .001) when we adjusted for population density, sociodemographic characteristics, and type of housing.
More research is needed to determine all the environmental factors associated with smoking prevalence in a densely populated urban environment.
研究人员已经发现了社区环境因素（如收入水平、烟草零售商密度）与吸烟行为之间的关联，但很少有研究评估城市环境中的这些因素。我们探讨了烟草零售商密度、社区贫困程度和住房类型（多单元和公共住房）对大城市环境（纽约市）中吸烟行为的影响。
我们使用了 2011-2013 年纽约市社区健康调查的吸烟流行率和个体社会人口特征数据、2012 年纽约市消费者事务部的烟草零售商数据、2009-2013 年美国社区调查的社区社会人口特征和人口密度数据以及 2012 年纽约市主要土地使用税地段输出数据集的多单元和公共住房数据。我们使用综合社区水平变量和普通最小二乘法回归、地理加权回归和多层次模型来评估烟草零售商密度和社区贫困程度对吸烟流行率的影响，调整了社会人口特征（年龄、性别、种族/民族和教育）和社区人口密度。我们还评估了烟草零售商密度与贫困程度以及每种住房类型与吸烟之间的相互作用。
当我们控制人口密度、社会人口特征和住房类型时，社区贫困程度对烟草零售商密度与社区吸烟流行率之间的关联有显著的正向修正作用（β=0.003，P=0.01）。当我们调整人口密度、社会人口特征和住房类型时，社区贫困程度与个体吸烟的流行率呈正相关（β=0.0099，P<0.001）。
需要进一步研究以确定与人口密集的城市环境中吸烟流行率相关的所有环境因素。
