Phytoplasmas Associated with Grapevine Yellows Disease in Chile.

An extensive survey was performed from 2002 to 2006 to detect and identify phytoplasmas associated with Chilean grapevines. Nested polymerase chain reaction assays using phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R2 detected phytoplasmas in 34 out of the 94 samples tested (36%). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses, cloning, and sequencing allowed identification of phytoplasmas belonging to ribosomal subgroups 16SrI-B, 16SrI-C, 16SrVII-A, and 16SrXII-A. The 16SrVII-A phytoplasma represents a new finding in grapevine; moreover, variability of the RFLP profile was observed in some of the 16SrXII-A phytoplasmas, indicating possible new ribosomal subgroups. Mixed phytoplasma infections and infections of phytoplasmas together with one or more viruses also occurred.