Bosshard E, Hilber-Bodmer M, Schärer H-J, Bünter M, Duffy B
Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Horticulture, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
Plant Dis. 2006 Dec;90(12):1554. doi: 10.1094/PD-90-1554C.
Monilinia fructicola, causal agent of fruit brown rot, is a quarantine pathogen in Europe (1). It presents a significant threat because of its aggressivity on flowers, shoots, and wood at low temperatures and propensity for sexual reproduction that increases potential for evolutionarily adaptation to new environments, hosts, and fungicides. It is common in North America, Japan, Australia, and South America. It occurs in orchards in France, has been detected but eradicated from Austria and Spain, and has been found on imported peach in Hungary (1,2). In Switzerland, we recently detected M. fructicola in supermarkets on imported fruit with brown rot symptoms similar to those caused by endemic M. fructigena and M. laxa. Preliminary identification was based on distinctive colony and conidial morphology on potato dextrose agar of fruit isolates. Specific identification was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (3) and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reproducing brown rot on healthy inoculated fruit. Surveys of imported fruit in markets (n = 42) using PCR revealed M. fructicola on all imported apricot and nectarine from the United States and France, but none on apricot, peach, plum, and cherry from Spain, France, Italy, or Turkey. Field surveys of apricot, peach, plum, prune, nectarine, and cherry orchards in 13 Swiss cantons were all negative (n = 71 in 2003 and 164 in 2005). This report demonstrates that imported fruit is a weak link in quarantine efforts and poses a potential threat. Transmission to local trees via highly dispersible, profuse spores from recycled packaging and disposal sites for discarded fruit has thus far not occurred but the risk deserves attention. Revised regulations for fruit treatment at points of entry and/or scrutiny of origin orchards may be warranted. References: (1) OEPP/EPPO. List of A2 pests regulated as quarantine pests in the EPPO region. Version 2005-09. Online publication with distribution map at http://www.eppo.org , 2005. (2) M. Petróczy and L. Palkovics. Plant Dis. 90:375, 2006. (3) K. J. D. Hughes et al. EPPO Bull. 30:507, 2000.
果褐腐病菌（Monilinia fructicola）是水果褐腐病的病原菌，在欧洲属于检疫性病原菌（1）。由于其在低温下对花朵、嫩梢和木材具有很强的侵染力，且有有性繁殖的倾向，这增加了其对新环境、寄主和杀菌剂进化适应的潜力，因此构成了重大威胁。它在北美、日本、澳大利亚和南美很常见。在法国的果园中也有发现，在奥地利和西班牙已被检测到但已根除，在匈牙利的进口桃子上也有发现（1,2）。在瑞士，我们最近在超市中检测到果褐腐病菌，其存在于有褐腐症状的进口水果上，这些症状与本地的果生链核盘菌（M. fructigena）和仁果链核盘菌（M. laxa）引起的症状相似。初步鉴定基于果实分离物在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂上独特的菌落和分生孢子形态。通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）（3）和对内部转录间隔区（ITS）区域进行测序来确定特异性鉴定。通过在健康接种的果实上再现褐腐病，满足了柯赫氏法则。使用PCR对市场上的进口水果（n = 42）进行调查发现，来自美国和法国的所有进口杏子和油桃上都存在果褐腐病菌，但来自西班牙、法国、意大利或土耳其的杏子、桃子、李子和樱桃上均未发现。对瑞士13个州的杏子、桃子、李子、西梅、油桃和樱桃果园进行的田间调查结果均为阴性（2003年n = 71，2005年n = 164）。本报告表明，进口水果是检疫工作中的薄弱环节，构成了潜在威胁。到目前为止，尚未发生通过来自回收包装和废弃水果处理场所的高度分散、大量的孢子传播到当地树木的情况，但这种风险值得关注。可能需要修订入境点水果处理和/或原产地果园检查的规定。参考文献：（1）OEPP/EPPO。EPPO区域内被列为检疫性有害生物的A2有害生物清单。2005 - 09版。可在http://www.eppo.org在线获取并带有分布图，2005年。（2）M. Petróczy和L. Palkovics。植物病害90:375，2006年。（3）K. J. D. Hughes等人。EPPO通报30:507，2000年。
