Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2020 Nov-Dec;27(6):497-503. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1570928. Epub 2019 Feb 22.
Previous research on older adults with superior cognitive abilities (super-cognition) has typically examined cognition using a single domain approach, which may not adequately capture the multidimensional nature of successful cognitive aging. Furthermore, the lifestyle factors associated with super-cognition have not been studied adequately. The current study examined the cognitive profiles and lifestyle factors associated with super-cognition. Community-dwelling older adults ( = 693) were administered neuropsychological tests and self-reported measures of lifestyle factors at midlife (retrospectively recalled). Then, using an a priori set of criteria, we classified them as super-cognition or normal. A latent class analysis was conducted to examine the different cognitive profiles of super-cognition, and both groups were compared on their lifestyle-related outcomes. A total of 64 and 263 participants met the criteria for super-cognition and normal participants respectively. A three-class solution best described super-cognition among our participants. Approximately half of them had superior immediate memory; two other smaller groups of participants with super-cognition had superior attention, language, and visuospatial abilities. Participants with super-cognition reported less participation in social activities and, frequently, working more than 9 hours/day and feeling stressed, at midlife. Super-cognition among the elderly is associated with having a busier, more socially-isolated and stressful midlife.
先前针对认知能力超群的老年人（超级认知者）的研究通常采用单一领域的方法来研究认知能力，而这种方法可能无法充分捕捉成功认知老化的多维性质。此外，与超级认知相关的生活方式因素也没有得到充分研究。本研究旨在探讨与超级认知相关的认知特征和生活方式因素。研究对居住在社区的老年人（n=693）进行了神经心理学测试和生活方式因素的自我报告测量（通过回顾性回忆进行）。然后，根据事先设定的标准，将他们分为超级认知者或正常认知者。通过潜类分析来检验超级认知者的不同认知特征，并比较两组在与生活方式相关的结果上的差异。共有 64 名和 263 名参与者分别符合超级认知者和正常参与者的标准。我们的参与者中，最佳描述超级认知的是三分类方案。其中约一半人具有卓越的即时记忆能力；其他两个较小的超级认知者群体则具有卓越的注意力、语言和视空间能力。超级认知者在中年时报告的社交活动参与度较低，并且经常每天工作 9 小时以上，感到压力较大。老年人的超级认知与更忙碌、更孤立和压力更大的中年生活方式有关。
