Using focus ion beam to prepare crystal lamella for electron diffraction.

Electron diffraction provides a powerful tool to solve the structures of small protein crystals. However, strong interactions between the electrons and the materials limit the application of the electron crystallographic method on large protein crystals with micrometer or larger sizes. Here, we used the focused ion beam (FIB) equipped on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to mill a large crystal to thin lamella. The influences of the milling on the crystal lamella were observed and investigated, including radiation damage on the crystal surface during the FIB imaging, deformation of the thin crystal lamella, and variation in the diffraction intensities under electron radiation. These observations provide important information to optimize the FIB milling, and hence is important to obtain high-quality crystal samples for routine structure determination of protein crystals using the electron cryo-microscope.