The road less travelled: The efficacy of canine pluripotent stem cells.

The path-breaking discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells has fuelled the scientific advancements of stem cells. Nevertheless, the need to ensure the safety of stem cell therapy at translational level is still at large, prompting scientists to use animal models which are genetically and anatomically homologous to that of humans. Dogs, being genomically and physiologically more similar to humans serve as better models in mimicking human diseases as compared to rodents. The heterogeneity in canine breeds offers an excellent opportunity to comprehend the complexities of many genetic diseases, making them exceptional tools for stem cell therapies. Various canine gene therapy models have paved the foundation for strategizing therapies for humans. But a similar progress is lacking in utilizing canine stem cells for stem cell-based therapies in both dogs and humans. This review attempts to bridge the gap, by articulating the key differences in canine pluripotency pathways, based on the recent derivation of canine embryonic stem cells (cESCs) and canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs), thereby attempting to position dog in the reprogramming landscape. The potential clinical application of canine iPSCs also offers great hope to canine patients and might lead to significant contributions in veterinary medicine.