Institute for Environmental Sciences , University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstraße 7 , D-76829 Landau , Germany.
Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station , University of Koblenz-Landau , Birkenthalstraße 13 , D-76857 Eußerthal , Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Apr 2;53(7):3347-3365. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04392. Epub 2019 Mar 18.
Fungicides are indispensable to global food security and their use is forecasted to intensify. Fungicides can reach aquatic ecosystems and occur in surface water bodies in agricultural catchments throughout the entire growing season due to their frequent, prophylactic application. However, in comparison to herbicides and insecticides, the exposure to and effects of fungicides have received less attention. We provide an overview of the risk of fungicides to aquatic ecosystems covering fungicide exposure (i.e., environmental fate, exposure modeling, and mitigation measures) as well as direct and indirect effects of fungicides on microorganisms, macrophytes, invertebrates, and vertebrates. We show that fungicides occur widely in aquatic systems, that the accuracy of predicted environmental concentrations is debatable, and that fungicide exposure can be effectively mitigated. We additionally demonstrate that fungicides can be highly toxic to a broad range of organisms and can pose a risk to aquatic biota. Finally, we outline central research gaps that currently challenge our ability to predict fungicide exposure and effects, promising research avenues, and shortcomings of the current environmental risk assessment for fungicides.
杀菌剂对于全球粮食安全是不可或缺的，预计其使用将会增加。由于频繁的预防性使用，杀菌剂会到达水生生态系统，并在整个生长季节出现在农业集水区的地表水体内。然而，与除草剂和杀虫剂相比，杀菌剂的暴露和影响受到的关注较少。我们概述了杀菌剂对水生生态系统的风险，涵盖了杀菌剂的暴露（即环境归宿、暴露建模和缓解措施）以及杀菌剂对微生物、大型植物、无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的直接和间接影响。我们表明，杀菌剂广泛存在于水生系统中，预测环境浓度的准确性存在争议，并且杀菌剂的暴露可以得到有效缓解。我们还证明，杀菌剂对广泛的生物具有高度毒性，并可能对水生生物区系构成威胁。最后，我们概述了当前挑战我们预测杀菌剂暴露和影响能力的核心研究空白，有前景的研究途径，以及杀菌剂当前环境风险评估的缺点。
