Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Developmental Electrophysiology Laboratory, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States.
Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019 Jun;104:152-164. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.027. Epub 2019 Mar 1.
The Trier Social Stress Test for children (TSST-C) adapted from TSST is one of the most commonly used laboratory paradigms for investigating the effects of stress on cognitive, affective and physiological responses in children and adolescents. Considering that laboratory procedures generate a significant amount of stress to children and adolescents, even in the absence of a stress paradigm, it is important to validate TSST-C against an inactive control condition in which the stress components were absent. Using a randomized design, we tested an inactive control condition, which replaced the TSST-C with a benign video clip (nature scenes viewed while standing), thus removing the stress associated components of the TSST-C. Eighty-eight youth between the ages of 10 and 17 years were randomly assigned to complete the TSST-C or the Inactive Control (IC). Subjective anxiety rating, salivary cortisol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were collected at eight time points. Subjects in the Inactive Control condition showed no significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased anxiety rating and salivary cortisol level throughout the study. Subjects in the stress condition (TSST-C) showed increased anxiety ratings, salivary cortisol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate immediately following TSST-C stress induction. Our findings validated that the TSST-C induced a systemic stress response, and that the Inactive Control can be a promising standardized control condition for the TSST-C and a tool for future psychobiological research. Our results also showed that anxiety reactivity decreased with age while HR reactivity increased with age. Cortisol reactivity did not fall in a linear relationship with age but rather via a quadratic curve, suggesting the mid-age adolescents had the highest cortisol responses to stress compared to their younger and older peers, potentially due to a dual factor of pubertal development and self-control and emotion regulation capacity.
儿童特尔斐社会压力测试(TSST-C)改编自 TSST,是用于研究压力对儿童和青少年认知、情感和生理反应影响的最常用实验室范式之一。考虑到实验室程序会给儿童和青少年带来很大的压力,即使在没有压力范式的情况下,TSST-C 与缺乏压力成分的非活动对照条件相验证也是很重要的。我们使用随机设计测试了一种非活动对照条件,该条件用良性视频片段(站着观看自然场景)代替了 TSST-C,从而去除了 TSST-C 中与压力相关的成分。88 名 10 至 17 岁的青少年被随机分配完成 TSST-C 或非活动对照(IC)。在八个时间点采集主观焦虑评分、唾液皮质醇、收缩压和舒张压以及心率。在非活动对照条件下的受试者血压和心率没有明显变化,整个研究过程中焦虑评分和唾液皮质醇水平降低。在应激条件(TSST-C)下的受试者在 TSST-C 应激诱导后立即出现焦虑评分升高、唾液皮质醇、收缩压和舒张压以及心率升高。我们的研究结果验证了 TSST-C 引起了全身应激反应,并且非活动对照可以成为 TSST-C 的一种有前途的标准化对照条件,也是未来心理生物学研究的工具。我们的研究结果还表明,焦虑反应随着年龄的增长而降低,而心率反应随着年龄的增长而增加。皮质醇反应并没有呈线性关系随着年龄而下降,而是呈二次曲线下降,这表明青春期中期的青少年对压力的皮质醇反应最高,与他们的年轻和年长的同龄人相比,这可能是由于青春期发育和自我控制和情绪调节能力的双重因素所致。