Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and incidence of diabetes in China: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND

Diabetes caused substantial economic and health burden worldwide. However, the associations between air pollution and diabetes incidence were rarely reported in the developing countries, especially in China with relatively high PM concentrations.

OBJECTIVES

A cohort-based study was conducted to assess the diabetes incidence associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM.

METHODS

We collected individual health data and risk factors from the project of Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR Project) from 15 provinces over China. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose levels ≥7.0 mmol/L at the follow-ups and/or the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents and/or diagnosed medical history of diabetes during 2004 to 2015. Individual-level PM exposures were estimated from satellite-based PM concentrations (10 km spatial resolution) during the study period. Cox proportional hazards models with random intercepts of each cohort and region were employed to estimate the diabetes incidence attributable to PM, after the adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, education, work-related physical activity level, hypertension, urbanicity, county-level averaged years of education, and long-term levels of temperature and relative humidity.

RESULTS

A total of 88,397 subjects were analyzed with 580,928 person-years of follow-up after 2004, among which 6439 new cases of diabetes were observed. The mean age of the subjects was 51.7 years at baseline. For an increase of 10 μg/m in long-term PM exposure, the multivariable-adjusted percent increase in the diabetes incidence was estimated to be 15.66% (95% confidence interval: 6.42%, 25.70%). The adverse effects of PM were larger among females, rural subjects, non-smokers, normotensives, subjects younger than 65 years and subjects with body mass index <25 kg/m.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provided evidence for the association of long-term exposure to PM with diabetes incidence in China. A sustained improvement of air quality will benefit the reduction for diabetes epidemic in China.