Clifton-Brown John, Harfouche Antoine, Casler Michael D, Dylan Jones Huw, Macalpine William J, Murphy-Bokern Donal, Smart Lawrence B, Adler Anneli, Ashman Chris, Awty-Carroll Danny, Bastien Catherine, Bopper Sebastian, Botnari Vasile, Brancourt-Hulmel Maryse, Chen Zhiyong, Clark Lindsay V, Cosentino Salvatore, Dalton Sue, Davey Chris, Dolstra Oene, Donnison Iain, Flavell Richard, Greef Joerg, Hanley Steve, Hastings Astley, Hertzberg Magnus, Hsu Tsai-Wen, Huang Lin S, Iurato Antonella, Jensen Elaine, Jin Xiaoli, Jørgensen Uffe, Kiesel Andreas, Kim Do-Soon, Liu Jianxiu, McCalmont Jon P, McMahon Bernard G, Mos Michal, Robson Paul, Sacks Erik J, Sandu Anatolii, Scalici Giovanni, Schwarz Kai, Scordia Danilo, Shafiei Reza, Shield Ian, Slavov Gancho, Stanton Brian J, Swaminathan Kankshita, Taylor Gail, Torres Andres F, Trindade Luisa M, Tschaplinski Timothy, Tuskan Gerald A, Yamada Toshihiko, Yeon Yu Chang, Zalesny Ronald S, Zong Junqin, Lewandowski Iris
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth UK.
Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest systems University of Tuscia Viterbo Italy.
Glob Change Biol Bioenergy. 2019 Jan;11(1):118-151. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12566. Epub 2018 Oct 23.
Genetic improvement through breeding is one of the key approaches to increasing biomass supply. This paper documents the breeding progress to date for four perennial biomass crops (PBCs) that have high output-input energy ratios: namely (switchgrass), species of the genera (miscanthus), (willow) and (poplar). For each crop, we report on the size of germplasm collections, the efforts to date to phenotype and genotype, the diversity available for breeding and on the scale of breeding work as indicated by number of attempted crosses. We also report on the development of faster and more precise breeding using molecular breeding techniques. Poplar is the model tree for genetic studies and is furthest ahead in terms of biological knowledge and genetic resources. Linkage maps, transgenesis and genome editing methods are now being used in commercially focused poplar breeding. These are in development in switchgrass, miscanthus and willow generating large genetic and phenotypic data sets requiring concomitant efforts in informatics to create summaries that can be accessed and used by practical breeders. Cultivars of switchgrass and miscanthus can be seed-based synthetic populations, semihybrids or clones. Willow and poplar cultivars are commercially deployed as clones. At local and regional level, the most advanced cultivars in each crop are at technology readiness levels which could be scaled to planting rates of thousands of hectares per year in about 5 years with existing commercial developers. Investment in further development of better cultivars is subject to current market failure and the long breeding cycles. We conclude that sustained public investment in breeding plays a key role in delivering future mass-scale deployment of PBCs.
通过育种实现遗传改良是增加生物质供应的关键途径之一。本文记录了四种具有高产出投入能量比的多年生生物质作物（PBCs）迄今为止的育种进展：即柳枝稷、芒属植物、柳树和杨树。对于每种作物，我们报告了种质收集的规模、迄今为止在表型和基因型分析方面所做的努力、可用于育种的多样性以及以尝试杂交的数量所表明的育种工作规模。我们还报告了利用分子育种技术实现更快、更精确育种的进展情况。杨树是遗传研究的模式树种，在生物学知识和遗传资源方面处于领先地位。连锁图谱、转基因和基因组编辑方法目前正在用于以商业为重点的杨树育种。这些技术在柳枝稷、芒属植物和柳树中也在开发中，产生了大量的遗传和表型数据集，需要在信息学方面做出相应努力，以创建可供实际育种者访问和使用的总结。柳枝稷和芒属植物的品种可以是基于种子的合成群体、半杂交种或克隆体。柳树和杨树品种作为克隆体进行商业推广。在地方和区域层面，每种作物中最先进的品种处于技术就绪水平，在现有商业开发商的情况下，大约5年后可以扩大到每年数千公顷的种植规模。对更好品种的进一步开发投资受到当前市场失灵和漫长育种周期的限制。我们得出结论，持续的公共育种投资在未来大规模部署多年生生物质作物方面起着关键作用。
