Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Periodontology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019 Oct;21(5):873-878. doi: 10.1111/cid.12746. Epub 2019 Mar 18.
We hypothesized that crestal bone loss (CBL) and peri-implant soft tissue inflammation are increased when conventionally-loaded dental implants are placed in cigarette and waterpipe smokers compared to nonsmokers.
The present 8-years' follow-up retrospective clinical study evaluated the stability of the conventionally-loaded dental implants placed in cigarette- and waterpipe (narghile) smoking and nonsmoking population group.
Self-reported cigarette-smokers, waterpipe users along with never-smokers have been included. Data pertaining to gender, age, duration and frequency of cigarette-smoking, and usage of waterpipe were collected using a preformed questionnaire. Probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and peri-implant plaque index (PI) were recorded measuring mesial and distal CBL on digital bitewing radiographs. Study power estimated with group comparisons performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment tests. Statistically significant P-values of less than 0.05 were considered.
Forty-one cigarette-smokers, forty waterpipe-users, and forty-two never-smokers with mean ages of 44.5 ± 4.3, 41.2 ± 4.7, 43.3 ± 2.8 years, respectively, were included. The mean duration of smoking habit and duration of each session of cigarette-smoking was 5.5 ± 0.3 years and 7.7 ± 1.2 minutes, respectively. The mean period of waterpipe use and time of each session of was 10.6 ± 0.8 years and 20.2 ± 3.1 minutes, respectively. Among cigarette-smokers, waterpipe-users and never-smokers, the implants had been in function for 8.5 ± 0.3, 8.6 ± 0.3, and 8.5 ± 0.5 years, respectively. PD, CBL, and peri-implant PI were positively more among cigarette and waterpipe smoking users (P < 0.05) than with never-smokers. Peri-implant bleeding on probing was significant among never-smokers (P < 0.05) compared to waterpipe-users and cigarette-smokers. There was no difference in Peri-implant PI, PD, and CBL in cigarette-smokers and waterpipe-users.
Cigarette-smokers and waterpipe users are vulnerable to peri-implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL than never-smokers. There is no variation in the severity of peri-implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL in waterpipe and cigarette users.
我们假设与不吸烟者相比，常规负载牙科植入物在香烟和水烟（水烟袋）吸烟者中的牙骨质骨丢失（CBL）和种植体周围软组织炎症会增加。
本研究为 8 年的回顾性临床研究，评估了在香烟和水烟（水烟袋）吸烟和不吸烟者中常规负载牙科植入物的稳定性。
纳入了自我报告的香烟吸烟者、水烟使用者和从不吸烟者。使用预先制定的问卷收集了有关性别、年龄、吸烟时间和频率以及水烟使用情况的数据。使用数字咬翼射线照相术测量近中和远中 CBL，记录探诊深度（PD）、探诊出血（BOP）和种植体周围菌斑指数（PI）。使用 Kruskal-Wallis 检验和 Bonferroni 事后调整检验进行组间比较，估计研究能力。认为 P 值小于 0.05 具有统计学意义。
共纳入 41 名香烟吸烟者、40 名水烟使用者和 42 名从不吸烟者，年龄分别为 44.5±4.3、41.2±4.7 和 43.3±2.8 岁。吸烟习惯的平均持续时间和每次吸烟的持续时间分别为 5.5±0.3 年和 7.7±1.2 分钟。水烟使用的平均时间和每次使用的时间分别为 10.6±0.8 年和 20.2±3.1 分钟。在香烟吸烟者、水烟使用者和从不吸烟者中，植入物的使用时间分别为 8.5±0.3、8.6±0.3 和 8.5±0.5 年。PD、CBL 和种植体周围 PI 在香烟和水烟吸烟者中呈正相关（P<0.05）高于不吸烟者。与水烟使用者和香烟吸烟者相比，不吸烟者的探诊出血更明显（P<0.05）。香烟吸烟者和水烟使用者的种植体周围 PI、PD 和 CBL 无差异。
与不吸烟者相比，香烟吸烟者和水烟使用者更容易发生种植体周围软组织炎症和 CBL。水烟和香烟使用者的种植体周围软组织炎症和 CBL 严重程度没有差异。
