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[意大利40年(1978 - 2018年)的疫苗接种政策]

[Forty years (1978-2018) of vaccination policies in Italy].

作者信息

Signorelli Carlo

机构信息

.

出版信息

Acta Biomed. 2019 Jan 9;90(1):127-133. doi: 10.23750/abm.v90i1.7900.

DOI:10.23750/abm.v90i1.7900
PMID:30889167
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6502166/
Abstract

The paper traces the evolution of vaccination policies in Italy in the first 40 years of the National Health Service. Four phases have been identified: the first (1978-98) characterized by the eradication of smallpox, the hopes of further eradications and the introduction of hepatitis B and acellular antipertussis vaccines; the second (1999-2008) coincided with the first national vaccination plans and with the hypothesis of a progressive transition from mandatory vaccinations to nudging initiatives with the relevant experimentation in the Veneto Region; the third phase (2009-14) was characterized by the spread of health information on the web and social networks, by anti-scientific judgments and by an increasingly vaccines hesitancy that led to incorrect perceptions, falls in coverage rates and re-ignition of some epidemics; in the last phase (2015-18) there was a strong political committment that led to the approval of the National Plan (PNPV) 2017-19, to the extension of the mandatory vaccinations and to the sanctions against the anti-vaxxers doctors. This has led to a rapid rise in coverage, but also to a heated political and media debate on the ethical and social aspects linked to the admission bans and sancions of unvaccinated children in schools. (www.actabiomedica.it) Il lavoro ripercorre l’evoluzione delle politiche vaccinali in Italia nei primi 40 anni del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale. Sono state identificate quattro fasi: la prima (1978-98) caratterizzata dall’eradicazione del vaiolo, dalle speranze di ulteriori eradicazioni e dall’introduzione dei vaccini antiepatite B e antipertosse acellulare; la seconda (1999-2008) è coincisa con i primi piani vaccinali nazionali e con l’ipotesi di un progressivo passaggio dall’obbligo all’adesione consapevole, segnata dall’importante sperimentazione della Regione Veneto; la terza fase (2009-14) è stata caratterizzata dalla diffusione dell’informazione sanitaria su web e social, da sentenze giudiziarie antiscientifiche e da una sempre più diffusa che hanno portato a errate percezioni, cali generalizzati delle coperture e riaccensione di focolai epidemici; nell’ultima fase (2015-18) c’è stata una reazione delle istituzioni che ha portato all’approvazione del PNPV 2017-19, all’estensione degli obblighi vaccinali e a sanzioni contro i medici antivaccinisti. Ciò ha portato ad un rapido rialzo delle coperture ma anche ad un acceso dibattito politico e mediatico sugli aspetti etici e sociali legati alle sanzioni e ai divieti di ammissione dei bambini non vaccinati nelle scuole.

摘要

本文追溯了意大利国家医疗服务体系头40年疫苗接种政策的演变。已确定了四个阶段:第一阶段(1978 - 1998年),其特点是天花的根除、进一步根除疾病的希望以及乙肝和无细胞抗百日咳疫苗的引入;第二阶段(1999 - 2008年),与首个国家疫苗接种计划同时出现,以及从强制接种向引导性举措逐步转变的假设,并在威尼托地区进行了相关试验;第三阶段(2009 - 2014年),其特点是健康信息在网络和社交网络上的传播、反科学判断以及日益增长的疫苗犹豫情绪,这导致了错误认知、覆盖率普遍下降以及一些疫情的再次爆发;在最后一个阶段(2015 - 2018年),出现了强烈的政治承诺,导致2017 - 2019年国家计划(PNPV)获得批准、强制接种范围扩大以及对抗疫苗接种医生的制裁。这导致了覆盖率的迅速上升,但也引发了一场关于与学校禁止未接种疫苗儿童入学及制裁相关的伦理和社会问题的激烈政治和媒体辩论。(www.actabiomedica.it) 该研究回顾了意大利国家卫生服务体系头40年疫苗接种政策的演变。已确定了四个阶段:第一阶段(1978 - 1998年),其特点是天花的根除、进一步根除疾病的希望以及乙肝和无细胞抗百日咳疫苗的引入;第二阶段(1999 - 2008年),与首个国家疫苗接种计划同时出现,以及从强制接种向自觉遵守逐步转变的假设,并在威尼托地区进行了重要试验;第三阶段(2009 - 2014年),其特点是健康信息在网络和社交网络上的传播、反科学判断以及日益增长的犹豫情绪,这导致了错误认知、覆盖率普遍下降以及一些疫情的再次爆发;在最后一个阶段(2015 - 2018年),政府做出了反应,导致2017 - 2019年国家计划(PNPV)获得批准、强制接种范围扩大以及对抗疫苗接种医生的制裁。这导致了覆盖率的迅速上升,但也引发了一场关于与学校对未接种疫苗儿童的制裁和禁止入学相关的伦理和社会问题的激烈政治和媒体辩论。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e8d8/6502166/6739a2138094/ACTA-90-127-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e8d8/6502166/9e17b45c985b/ACTA-90-127-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e8d8/6502166/eea1a0e3cf58/ACTA-90-127-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e8d8/6502166/6739a2138094/ACTA-90-127-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e8d8/6502166/9e17b45c985b/ACTA-90-127-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e8d8/6502166/eea1a0e3cf58/ACTA-90-127-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e8d8/6502166/6739a2138094/ACTA-90-127-g003.jpg

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Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021 Jan 2;17(1):259-268. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1763085. Epub 2020 Jun 12.
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