Ebrahimpour Fatemeh, Pashaeypoor Shahzad, Salisu Waliu Jawula, Cheraghi Mohammad Ali, Sadat Hosseini Akram Sadat
School of Nursing & Midwifery Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.
Nurs Open. 2018 Oct 14;6(2):301-312. doi: 10.1002/nop2.211. eCollection 2019 Apr.
To present a concept analysis of pain in children's drawings and dialogs.
The complexity and subjectivity of the concept of pain in children remain ambiguous. As a result, children are exposed to inappropriate diagnosis and inadequate treatment. Children can describe or draw their painful experiences. Analysing the concept of pain based on children's experiences can help identify, assess and properly manage and treat pain in children.
Concept analysis.
Walker and Avant's framework for concept analysis was used in this current study.
Major aspects of pain revealed in this concept analysis are affected by children's different concerns about pain. The description of pain in children with chronic diseases or chronic pain is completely different from that in healthy children. Children perceive pain to be internal, external and emotional. Pain in children is associated with poor psychological and emotional conditions, which add new features and aspects to the concept of pain. Children's descriptions and drawings of pain indicate different concepts of pain in their minds. From the perspective of children, pain has an identity that is formed based on reality.
When developing pain evaluation tools, it is necessary to address the characteristics of pain. In the case of chronic pain, emotional effects of pain on children's psyche need extra attention. Child-based pain management guidelines can then be formulated with the results of relevant concept analyses. Pain assessment is a major part of pain management in children. By considering the characteristics of the concept of pain, the efficiency and usefulness of developed tools can be enhanced to create advancement in paediatric pain management.
对儿童绘画和对话中的疼痛进行概念分析。
儿童疼痛概念的复杂性和主观性仍然模糊不清。因此，儿童面临不恰当的诊断和不充分的治疗。儿童能够描述或画出他们的痛苦经历。基于儿童经历分析疼痛概念有助于识别、评估并妥善管理和治疗儿童疼痛。
概念分析。
本研究采用沃克和阿凡特的概念分析框架。
该概念分析揭示的疼痛主要方面受儿童对疼痛的不同关注点影响。患有慢性病或慢性疼痛儿童对疼痛的描述与健康儿童完全不同。儿童将疼痛感知为内在的、外在的和情感上的。儿童的疼痛与不良的心理和情绪状况相关，这为疼痛概念增添了新的特征和方面。儿童对疼痛的描述和绘画表明他们心中有不同的疼痛概念。从儿童的角度来看，疼痛有基于现实形成的一种特性。
在开发疼痛评估工具时，有必要考虑疼痛的特征。对于慢性疼痛，疼痛对儿童心理的情感影响需要格外关注。然后可以根据相关概念分析的结果制定以儿童为基础的疼痛管理指南。疼痛评估是儿童疼痛管理的重要组成部分。通过考虑疼痛概念的特征，可以提高所开发工具的效率和实用性，从而推动儿科疼痛管理的进步。
