Shannon Marcia Carlson, Hill Gretchen Myers
Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
Front Vet Sci. 2019 Mar 13;6:73. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00073. eCollection 2019.
Growth performance and feed efficiency are essential parameters when evaluating profitability of livestock. However, animal performance does not always reflect optimal gut health. Decades of research have supported the theory that improved animal performance such as average daily gain and feed efficiency can be impacted by intestinal health or the ability of the intestinal mucosa to absorb nutrients, but dysfunction may be found when the animal is stressed. Most of the early research focused on enteric infections causing diarrhea and nutritional alternatives to antibiotics which has led to findings related to pharmacological supplementation of trace minerals above the nutrient requirements for non-ruminants. While pharmacological concentrations of copper (Cu) have been shown to enhance growth, the mechanism in the gut is elusive. High concentrations of zinc (Zn) fed to newly weaned nursery pigs reduced the incidence of diarrhea from the proliferation of enterotoxigenic () and and improve gut morphology. There are numerous publications where pharmacological supplementation of Zn as zinc oxide (ZnO) were fed to newly weaned pigs. Pharmacological Zn has been reported to shape the intestinal microflora as well as the diversity of the microflora during the first 2 weeks post-weaning. Both Fe deficiency and fortification impact bacterial growth in the intestine. Therefore, this paper will focus on the role of trace minerals that potentially impact optimal gut health of young monogastric animals.
在评估家畜的盈利能力时，生长性能和饲料效率是至关重要的参数。然而，动物的生长性能并不总能反映肠道的最佳健康状况。数十年的研究支持了这样一种理论，即动物的生长性能改善，如平均日增重和饲料效率，可能会受到肠道健康或肠黏膜吸收营养能力的影响，但在动物受到应激时可能会出现功能障碍。早期的大多数研究集中在导致腹泻的肠道感染以及抗生素的营养替代品上，这导致了关于非反刍动物在营养需求之上药理学补充微量矿物质的研究结果。虽然已表明药理学浓度的铜（Cu）能促进生长，但其在肠道中的作用机制尚不清楚。给刚断奶的保育猪饲喂高浓度的锌（Zn）可降低由产肠毒素的（）和（此处原文缺失部分内容）增殖引起的腹泻发生率，并改善肠道形态。有大量文献报道给刚断奶的仔猪饲喂作为氧化锌（ZnO）的药理学锌补充剂。据报道，药理学锌可在断奶后前两周塑造肠道微生物群以及微生物群的多样性。缺铁和补铁都会影响肠道中的细菌生长。因此，本文将重点关注可能影响幼年单胃动物最佳肠道健康的微量矿物质的作用。
