Kamboyi Harvey K, de Garine-Wichatitsky Michel, Hang'ombe Mudenda B, Munyeme Musso
Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Centre International de Recherche Agricole pour le Dévelopement, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France.
Vet Med Sci. 2019 Aug;5(3):419-427. doi: 10.1002/vms3.168. Epub 2019 Mar 28.
In Zambia, anthrax has emerged as a serious disease decimating humans, livestock and wildlife with devastating effects on eco-tourism resulting in the destabilization of major pristine wildlife sanctuaries. Consequently, the thrust of this study was to establish the spatial distribution of anthrax and determine ecological drivers of its recurrence, maintenance and epidemiological linkage to anthropogenic activities. Environmental and biological samples were collected within the livestock production and conservation areas (n = 80). Each sample was serially tested for Bacillus anthracis positivity through blood agar culture and Gram stain technique, and then confirmation by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR). Questionnaires (n = 113) were conducted at independently distinct villages in terms of space and time. Most respondents showed that animals that died from anthrax were not properly disposed off. More likely than not, poverty being the main driver for anthrax carcass dressing and meat distribution contributed to environmental contamination with anthrax spores in areas where the animals subsequently died resulting in further environmental contamination, which is the major source of primary infection for livestock and wildlife. From the samples, 15 pure isolates of anthrax were obtained which were spatially distributed across four districts. Twelve, biologically plausible variables were found to be highly significant on multivariable logistic regression analysis model for questionnaires which included herd size (odds = 10.46; P = 0.005; CI 8.8-16), carcass disposal method (odds = 6.9; P = 0.001; CI = 3.4-9.8), access to veterinary services (odds = 10.87; P = 0.004; CI = 4.8-15.9) and management system (odds = 2.57; P = 0.001; CI = 1.3-7.5). In summary, the majority (78.7%) of anthrax outbreaks were observed in areas with low veterinary services (χ = 8.6162, P = 0.013) within the newly created districts of Nalolo, Mwandi and Luampa.
在赞比亚，炭疽已成为一种严重疾病，致使人类、牲畜和野生动物大量死亡，对生态旅游业造成毁灭性影响，导致主要的原始野生动物保护区不稳定。因此，本研究的重点是确定炭疽的空间分布，并确定其复发、持续存在的生态驱动因素以及与人为活动的流行病学联系。在畜牧生产和保护区内收集了环境和生物样本（n = 80）。通过血琼脂培养和革兰氏染色技术对每个样本进行炭疽杆菌阳性的系列检测，然后通过多重聚合酶链反应（MPCR）进行确认。在空间和时间上独立的不同村庄进行了问卷调查（n = 113）。大多数受访者表示，死于炭疽的动物没有得到妥善处理。很可能是贫困成为炭疽尸体处理和肉类分发的主要驱动因素，导致动物随后死亡地区的炭疽孢子对环境造成污染，进而导致进一步的环境污染，这是牲畜和野生动物原发性感染的主要来源。从样本中获得了15株纯炭疽分离株，它们在空间上分布于四个地区。在问卷的多变量逻辑回归分析模型中，发现12个生物学上合理的变量具有高度显著性，其中包括畜群规模（比值 = 10.46；P = 0.005；置信区间8.8 - 16）、尸体处理方法（比值 = 6.9；P = 0.001；置信区间 = 3.4 - 9.8）、获得兽医服务的机会（比值 = 10.87；P = 0.004；置信区间 = 4.8 - 15.9）和管理系统（比值 = 2.57；P = 0.001；置信区间 = 1.3 - 7.5）。总之，在新设立的纳洛洛、姆万迪和卢安帕地区，大多数（78.7%）炭疽疫情发生在兽医服务水平较低的地区（χ = 8.6162，P = 0.013）。
