Kogan Nicole E, Bolon Isabelle, Ray Nicolas, Alcoba Gabriel, Fernandez-Marquez Jose L, Müller Martin M, Mohanty Sharada P, Ruiz de Castañeda Rafael
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2019 Apr 1;5(2):e11477. doi: 10.2196/11477.
Wet markets are markets selling fresh meat and produce. Wet markets are critical for food security and sustainable development in their respective regions. Due to their cultural significance, they attract numerous visitors and consequently generate tourist-geared information on the Web (ie, on social networks such as TripAdvisor). These data can be used to create a novel, international wet market inventory to support epidemiological surveillance and control in such settings, which are often associated with negative health outcomes.
Using social network data, we aimed to assess the level of wet markets' touristic importance on the Web, produce the first distribution map of wet markets of touristic interest, and identify common diseases facing visitors in these settings.
A Google search was performed on 31 food market-related keywords, with the first 150 results for each keyword evaluated based on their relevance to tourism. Of all these queries, wet market had the highest number of tourism-related Google Search results; among these, TripAdvisor was the most frequently-occurring travel information aggregator, prompting its selection as the data source for this study. A Web scraping tool (ParseHub) was used to extract wet market names, locations, and reviews from TripAdvisor. The latter were searched for disease-related content, which enabled assignment of GeoSentinel diagnosis codes to each. This syndromic categorization was overlaid onto a mapping of wet market locations. Regional prevalence of the most commonly occurring symptom group - food poisoning - was then determined (ie, by dividing the number of wet markets per continent with more than or equal to 1 review containing this syndrome by the total number of wet markets on that continent with syndromic information).
Of the 1090 hits on TripAdvisor for wet market, 36.06% (393/1090) conformed to the query's definition; wet markets were heterogeneously distributed: Asia concentrated 62.6% (246/393) of them, Europe 19.3% (76/393), North America 7.9% (31/393), Oceania 5.1% (20/393), Africa 3.1% (12/393), and South America 2.0% (8/393). Syndromic information was available for 14.5% (57/393) of wet markets. The most frequently occurring syndrome among visitors to these wet markets was food poisoning, accounting for 54% (51/95) of diagnoses. Cases of this syndrome were identified in 56% (22/39) of wet markets with syndromic information in Asia, 71% (5/7) in Europe, and 71% (5/7) in North America. All wet markets in South America and Oceania reported food poisoning cases, but the number of reviews with syndromic information was very limited in these regions (n=2).
The map produced illustrates the potential role of touristically relevant social network data to support global epidemiological surveillance. This includes the possibility to approximate the global distribution of wet markets and to identify diseases (ie, food poisoning) that are most prevalent in such settings.
生鲜市场是销售鲜肉和农产品的市场。生鲜市场对其所在地区的粮食安全和可持续发展至关重要。由于其文化意义，它们吸引了众多游客，因此在网络上（即在猫途鹰等社交网络上）产生了大量与旅游相关的信息。这些数据可用于创建一个全新的国际生鲜市场清单，以支持在此类通常与负面健康结果相关的环境中的流行病学监测和控制。
利用社交网络数据，我们旨在评估生鲜市场在网络上的旅游重要性水平，制作首张具有旅游吸引力的生鲜市场分布图，并确定这些场所中游客面临的常见疾病。
对31个与食品市场相关的关键词进行谷歌搜索，根据每个关键词与旅游的相关性对前150个结果进行评估。在所有这些查询中，“生鲜市场”的谷歌搜索结果中与旅游相关的数量最多；其中，猫途鹰是最常出现的旅游信息聚合平台，因此被选为该研究的数据来源。使用网络爬虫工具（ParseHub）从猫途鹰中提取生鲜市场名称、位置和评论。在评论中搜索与疾病相关的内容，从而为每个市场分配地理哨兵诊断代码。这种症状分类被叠加到生鲜市场位置地图上。然后确定最常见症状组——食物中毒——的区域患病率（即，用各大洲有1条或以上包含该综合征评论的生鲜市场数量除以该大洲有症状信息的生鲜市场总数）。
在猫途鹰上搜索“生鲜市场”得到的1090条结果中，36.06%（393/1090）符合查询定义；生鲜市场分布不均：亚洲占62.6%（246/393），欧洲占19.3%（76/393），北美占7.9%（31/393），大洋洲占5.1%（20/393），非洲占3.1%（12/393），南美洲占2.0%（8/393）。14.5%（57/393）的生鲜市场有症状信息。这些生鲜市场游客中最常出现的综合征是食物中毒，占诊断病例的54%（51/95）。在亚洲有症状信息的生鲜市场中，56%（22/39）发现了该综合征病例，欧洲为71%（5/7），北美为71%（5/7）。南美洲和大洋洲的所有生鲜市场都报告了食物中毒病例，但这些地区有症状信息的评论数量非常有限（n = 2）。
所绘制的地图说明了与旅游相关的社交网络数据在支持全球流行病学监测方面的潜在作用。这包括能够大致了解生鲜市场的全球分布情况，并识别在此类环境中最普遍的疾病（即食物中毒）。
