Burke Louise M, Castell Linda M, Casa Douglas J, Close Graeme L, Costa Ricardo J S, Desbrow Ben, Halson Shona L, Lis Dana M, Melin Anna K, Peeling Peter, Saunders Philo U, Slater Gary J, Sygo Jennifer, Witard Oliver C, Bermon Stéphane, Stellingwerff Trent
1 Australian Institute of Sport.
2 Australian Catholic University.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Mar 1;29(2):73-84. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0065. Epub 2019 Apr 5.
The International Association of Athletics Federations recognizes the importance of nutritional practices in optimizing an Athlete's well-being and performance. Although Athletics encompasses a diverse range of track-and-field events with different performance determinants, there are common goals around nutritional support for adaptation to training, optimal performance for key events, and reducing the risk of injury and illness. Periodized guidelines can be provided for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food and fluids to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competition. Some Athletes are at risk of relative energy deficiency in sport arising from a mismatch between energy intake and exercise energy expenditure. Competition nutrition strategies may involve pre-event, within-event, and between-event eating to address requirements for carbohydrate and fluid replacement. Although a "food first" policy should underpin an Athlete's nutrition plan, there may be occasions for the judicious use of medical supplements to address nutrient deficiencies or sports foods that help the athlete to meet nutritional goals when it is impractical to eat food. Evidence-based supplements include caffeine, bicarbonate, beta-alanine, nitrate, and creatine; however, their value is specific to the characteristics of the event. Special considerations are needed for travel, challenging environments (e.g., heat and altitude); special populations (e.g., females, young and masters athletes); and restricted dietary choice (e.g., vegetarian). Ideally, each Athlete should develop a personalized, periodized, and practical nutrition plan via collaboration with their coach and accredited sports nutrition experts, to optimize their performance.
国际田径联合会认识到营养措施对于优化运动员的健康状况和表现的重要性。尽管田径运动涵盖了一系列不同的径赛和田赛项目，其表现决定因素各不相同，但在营养支持方面仍有一些共同目标，即适应训练、在关键赛事中实现最佳表现以及降低受伤和患病风险。可以针对食物和液体摄入的适当类型、数量和时间提供阶段性指导方针，以促进在不同训练和比赛场景下的最佳健康状况和表现。一些运动员由于能量摄入与运动能量消耗不匹配而面临运动中相对能量缺乏的风险。比赛营养策略可能包括赛前、赛中及赛后饮食，以满足碳水化合物和液体补充的需求。尽管“食物优先”政策应作为运动员营养计划的基础，但在某些情况下，可能需要明智地使用医疗补充剂来解决营养缺乏问题，或者在无法进食时使用有助于运动员实现营养目标的运动食品。循证补充剂包括咖啡因、碳酸氢盐、β-丙氨酸、硝酸盐和肌酸；然而，它们的价值因赛事特点而异。对于旅行、具有挑战性的环境（如高温和高海拔）、特殊人群（如女性、年轻运动员和成年运动员）以及受限的饮食选择（如素食），需要特别考虑。理想情况下，每位运动员应通过与教练和认可的运动营养专家合作，制定个性化、阶段性且实用的营养计划，以优化其表现。
