Chen Wenxi
Biomedical Information Technology Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Information Science and Technology, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan.
Biomed Eng Lett. 2019 Feb 9;9(1):3-17. doi: 10.1007/s13534-019-00102-2. eCollection 2019 Feb.
This article reviews the historical development and up-to-date state of thermometric technologies for measuring human body temperature (BT) from two aspects: measurement methodology and significance interpretation. Since the first systematic and comprehensive study on BT and its relation to human diseases was conducted by Wunderlich in the late 19th century, BT has served as one of the most fundamental vital signs for clinical diagnosis and daily healthcare. The physiological implication of BT set point and thermoregulatory mechanisms are briefly outlined. Influential determinants of BT measurement are investigated thoroughly. Three types of BT measurement, i.e., core body temperature, surface body temperature and basal body temperature, are categorized according to its measurement position and activity level. With the comparison of temperature measurement in industrial fields, specialties in technological and biological aspects in BT measurement are mentioned. Methodologies used in BT measurement are grouped into instrumental methods and mathematical methods. Instrumental methods utilize results of BT measurements directly from temperature-sensitive transducers and electronic instrumentations by the combination of actual and predictive measurement, invasive and noninvasive measurement. Mathematical methods use several numerical models, such as multiple regression model, autoregressive model, thermoregulatory mechanism-based model and the Kalman filter-based method to estimate BT indirectly from some relevant vital signs and environmental factors. Thermometry modalities are summarized on the dichotomies into invasive and noninvasive, contact and noncontact, direct and indirect, free and restrained, 1-D and n-D. Comprehensive interpretation of BT has an equal importance as the measurement of BT. Two modes to apply BT are classified into real-time applications and long-term applications. With rapid advancement in IoT infrastructure, big data analytics and AI platforms, prospects for future development in thermometry and interpretation of BT are discussed.
本文从测量方法和意义解读两个方面综述了用于测量人体体温（BT）的测温技术的历史发展和最新状况。自19世纪末温德利希对BT及其与人类疾病的关系进行首次系统全面的研究以来，BT一直是临床诊断和日常医疗保健中最基本的生命体征之一。简要概述了BT设定点的生理意义和体温调节机制。深入研究了影响BT测量的因素。根据测量位置和活动水平，将BT测量分为三种类型，即核心体温、体表温度和基础体温。通过与工业领域温度测量的比较，提及了BT测量在技术和生物学方面的特点。BT测量中使用的方法分为仪器法和数学法。仪器法通过实际测量与预测测量、侵入性测量与非侵入性测量相结合，直接利用温度敏感传感器和电子仪器的BT测量结果。数学法使用多种数值模型，如多元回归模型、自回归模型、基于体温调节机制的模型和基于卡尔曼滤波器的方法，从一些相关生命体征和环境因素间接估计BT。测温方式根据侵入性与非侵入性、接触式与非接触式、直接式与间接式、自由式与约束式、一维与多维进行分类总结。BT的综合解读与BT测量同等重要。BT的应用分为实时应用和长期应用两种模式。随着物联网基础设施、大数据分析和人工智能平台的快速发展，讨论了测温及BT解读的未来发展前景。
