Duan Pengpeng, Tan Jin, Miao Yuyang, Zhang Qiang
Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute Tianjin, China.
Tianjin Medical University Tianjin, China.
Am J Transl Res. 2019 Mar 15;11(3):1184-1201. eCollection 2019.
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate in the endosomal system. They perform important functions for cell-to-cell communication by transferring bioactive cargoes to recipient cells or activating signal transduction pathways in the target cells. Hypoxia is a severe cellular stress that can regulate the release of exosomes and change their contents. Exosomes have been investigated in different types of hypoxic diseases and found to have many effects from pathology to protection. Increasingly, studies have indicated that exosomes can reflect their cellular origin and disease state through the bioactive cargoes they carry, making exosomes useful as potential biomarkers for diagnosing or predicting hypoxic diseases. In this review, we summarize the effects and mechanisms of hypoxia on exosomes and introduce the basics of exosome production, release, and uptake. In addition, we also summarize current information on the involvement, diagnostic value, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in different types of hypoxic diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI), renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and hypoxic tumors.
外泌体是起源于内体系统的细胞外囊泡。它们通过将生物活性物质转运至受体细胞或激活靶细胞中的信号转导通路，在细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用。缺氧是一种严重的细胞应激，可调节外泌体的释放并改变其内容物。外泌体已在不同类型的缺氧疾病中得到研究，并发现其具有从病理到保护等多种作用。越来越多的研究表明，外泌体可通过其所携带的生物活性物质反映其细胞来源和疾病状态，这使得外泌体有望成为诊断或预测缺氧疾病的潜在生物标志物。在本综述中，我们总结了缺氧对外泌体的影响及机制，并介绍了外泌体产生、释放和摄取的基础知识。此外，我们还总结了目前关于外泌体在不同类型缺氧疾病（包括心肌梗死（MI）、肾缺血再灌注（IR）诱导的急性肾损伤（AKI）和缺氧肿瘤）中的作用、诊断价值及治疗潜力的相关信息。
