Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, National Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.
Front Immunol. 2022 Apr 4;13:824188. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824188. eCollection 2022.
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that are secreted by almost all types of cells and exist in almost all extracellular spaces. As an important mediator of intercellular communication, exosomes encapsulate the miRNA, lncRNA, cirRNA, mRNA, cytokine, enzyme, lipid, and other components from the cytoplasm into its closed single membrane structure and transfer them to recipient units in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner. Hypoxia is a state of low oxygen tension and is involved in many pathological processes. Hypoxia influences the size, quantity, and expression of exosome cargos. Exosomes derived from hypoxic tumor cells transfer genetics, proteins, and lipids to the recipient units to exert pleiotropic effects. Different donor cells produce different cargo contents, target different recipient units and lead to different biological effects. Hypoxic exosomes derived from tumor cells uptaken by normoxic tumor cells lead to promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion; uptaken by extracellular space or liver lead to promoted metastasis; uptaken by endothelial cells lead to promoted angiogenesis; uptaken by immune cells lead to promoted macrophage polarization and changed tumor immune microenvironment. In addition to various types of tumors, hypoxic exosomes also participate in the development of diseases in the cardiovascular system, neuron system, respiratory system, hematology system, endocrine system, urinary system, reproduction system, and skeletomuscular system. Understanding the special characteristics of hypoxic exosomes provide new insight into elaborating the pathogenesis of hypoxia related disease. This review summarizes hypoxia induced cargo changes and the biological effects of hypoxic exosomes in tumors and non-malignant diseases in different systems.
外泌体是由几乎所有类型的细胞分泌的小细胞外囊泡，存在于几乎所有的细胞外空间。作为细胞间通讯的重要介质，外泌体将细胞质中的 miRNA、lncRNA、cirRNA、mRNA、细胞因子、酶、脂质和其他成分包裹在其封闭的单层膜结构中，并以自分泌、旁分泌或内分泌的方式将其转移到受体单元。缺氧是一种低氧张力状态，涉及许多病理过程。缺氧影响外泌体货物的大小、数量和表达。来自缺氧肿瘤细胞的外泌体将遗传物质、蛋白质和脂质转移到受体单元，发挥多效性作用。不同的供体细胞产生不同的货物内容，靶向不同的受体单元，并导致不同的生物学效应。来自肿瘤细胞的缺氧外泌体被正常氧肿瘤细胞摄取，导致增殖、迁移和侵袭能力增强；被细胞外空间或肝脏摄取，导致转移能力增强；被内皮细胞摄取，导致血管生成能力增强；被免疫细胞摄取，导致巨噬细胞极化和肿瘤免疫微环境改变。除了各种类型的肿瘤外，缺氧外泌体还参与心血管系统、神经系统、呼吸系统、血液系统、内分泌系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统和骨骼肌肉系统疾病的发展。了解缺氧外泌体的特殊特征为阐述与缺氧相关疾病的发病机制提供了新的视角。本综述总结了不同系统中肿瘤和非恶性疾病中外泌体缺氧诱导的货物变化及其生物学效应。
