Brath Helmut, Kaser Susanne, Tatschl Christian, Fasching Peter
Diabetes- und Fettstoffwechselambulanz, Gesundheitszentrum Wien-Süd, Wienerbergstraße 13, 1100, Wien, Österreich.
Department für Innere Medizin I, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich.
Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2019 May;131(Suppl 1):67-70. doi: 10.1007/s00508-019-1455-z.
Smoking and second-hand smoke strongly increase incidence of diabetes and probability for its complications. Smoking cessation can lead to weight gain and increased diabetes risk; however, it decreases cardiovascular and total mortality. A basal diagnostics (Fagerström Test, exhaled CO) is the basis for successful smoking cessation. Supporting medication include Varenicline, Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Bupropion. Socio-economic as well as psychological factors play an important role for smoking and smoking cessation.Moderate consumption of alcohol possibly decreases risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Selection bias and underreporting in studies maybe contribute to a too optimistic view. On the other hand, alcohol increases in a dose dependant fashion excess morbidity and disability adjusted life years, especially by cancer, liver diseases and infections.
吸烟和二手烟会显著增加糖尿病的发病率及其并发症的发生几率。戒烟可能会导致体重增加和糖尿病风险上升；然而，它会降低心血管疾病死亡率和全因死亡率。基础诊断（法格斯特罗姆测试、呼出一氧化碳检测）是成功戒烟的基础。辅助药物包括伐尼克兰、尼古丁替代疗法和安非他酮。社会经济因素以及心理因素在吸烟和戒烟过程中起着重要作用。适度饮酒可能会降低患糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险。研究中的选择偏倚和漏报可能导致观点过于乐观。另一方面，酒精会以剂量依赖的方式增加超额发病率和伤残调整生命年，尤其是因癌症、肝脏疾病和感染导致的。
