西班牙婴幼儿袜子中双酚 A 和对羟基苯甲酸酯的浓度及其类激素活性。
Concentrations of bisphenol A and parabens in socks for infants and young children in Spain and their hormone-like activities.
机构信息
Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada E-18012, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada E-18071, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada E-18016, Spain.
Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada E-18012, Spain; Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada E-18016, Spain.
出版信息
Environ Int. 2019 Jun;127:592-600. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.013. Epub 2019 Apr 12.
BACKGROUND
Little information is available on the content of bisphenol A (BPA) and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as parabens in infant textiles and clothes.
OBJECTIVES
- To determine the concentrations of BPA and parabens in socks for infants and young children purchased in Spain, 2) to assess the (anti-)estrogenicity and (anti-)androgenicity of extracts from the socks, and 3) to estimate dermal exposure doses to these chemicals.
METHODS
Thirty-two pairs of socks for infants and young children (1-48 months) were purchased from 3 stores in Granada (Spain). Textile material was cut from the foot, toe, and leg of each sock (n = 96 samples) for chemical analysis. Hormone-like activities were determined in foot sections (n = 32 samples) by using the E-Screen assay for (anti-)estrogenicity and PALM luciferase assay for (anti-)androgenicity.
RESULTS
BPA was present in 90.6% of samples at concentrations ranging from <0.70 to 3736 ng/g. BPA levels were around 25-fold higher in socks from store 1, which had a higher cotton content compared to stores 2 and 3. Ethyl-paraben was found in 100% of samples, followed by methyl-paraben (81.0%), and propyl-paraben (43.7%). No butyl-paraben was detected in any sample. Estrogenic activity was detected in 83.3% of socks from store 1 (range = 48.2-6051 pM Eeq/g) but in only three socks from stores 2 and 3. Anti-androgenic activity was detected in six of the 32 socks studied (range = 94.4-2989 μM Proceq/g), all from store 1. Estimated dermal exposure to BPA was higher from socks for children aged 36-48 months (median = 17.6 pg/kg/day), and dermal exposure to parabens was higher from socks for children aged 24-36 months (median = 0.60 pg/kg/day).
DISCUSSION
This is the first report in Europe on the wide presence of BPA and parabens in socks marketed for infants and children. BPA appears to contribute to the hormone-like activity observed in sock extracts.
背景
关于双酚 A（BPA）和其他内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）如对羟基苯甲酸酯在婴儿纺织品和衣物中的含量，信息很少。
目的
1）确定在西班牙购买的婴儿和幼儿袜子中 BPA 和对羟基苯甲酸酯的浓度，2）评估袜子提取物的（抗）雌激素和（抗）雄激素活性，3）估计这些化学物质的皮肤暴露剂量。
方法
从格拉纳达的 3 家商店购买了 32 双婴儿和幼儿（1-48 个月）的袜子。从每只袜子的脚、脚趾和腿部切下纺织材料（n=96 个样本）进行化学分析。通过 E-Screen 测定法（抗）雌激素活性和 PALM 荧光素酶测定法（抗）雄激素活性，在脚部分（n=32 个样本）测定激素样活性。
结果
90.6%的样本中存在 BPA，浓度范围为<0.70-3736ng/g。来自商店 1 的袜子中 BPA 水平高出 25 倍，因为与商店 2 和 3 相比，它们的棉含量更高。乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯存在于 100%的样本中，其次是甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯（81.0%）和丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（43.7%）。没有在任何样本中检测到丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯。商店 1 的 83.3%（范围为 48.2-6051 pM Eeq/g）的袜子中检测到雌激素活性，但仅在商店 2 和 3 的 3 只袜子中检测到。在研究的 32 只袜子中，有 6 只（范围为 94.4-2989 μM Proceq/g）检测到抗雄激素活性，全部来自商店 1。36-48 个月儿童的袜子中 BPA 的皮肤暴露量较高（中位数为 17.6pg/kg/天），24-36 个月儿童的袜子中对羟基苯甲酸酯的皮肤暴露量较高（中位数为 0.60pg/kg/天）。
讨论
这是欧洲第一份关于 BPA 和对羟基苯甲酸酯在婴儿和儿童销售的袜子中广泛存在的报告。BPA 似乎促成了在袜子提取物中观察到的激素样活性。
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