Ilavsky Jan, Zhang Fan, Andrews Ross N, Kuzmenko Ivan, Jemian Pete R, Levine Lyle E, Allen Andrew J
X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
J Appl Crystallogr. 2018;51 Pt 3(Pt 3). doi: 10.1107/S160057671800643X.
Following many years of evolutionary development, first at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and then at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, the APS ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) facility has been transformed by several new developments. These comprise a conversion to higher-order crystal optics and higher X-ray energies as the standard operating mode, rapid fly scan measurements also as a standard operational mode, automated contiguous pinhole small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at intermediate scattering vectors, and associated rapid wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements for X-ray diffraction without disturbing the sample geometry. With each mode using the USAXS incident beam optics upstream of the sample, USAXS/SAXS/WAXS measurements can now be made within 5 min, allowing and measurement capabilities with great flexibility under a wide range of sample conditions. These developments are described, together with examples of their application to investigate materials phenomena of technological importance. Developments of two novel USAXS applications, USAXSbased X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and USAXS imaging, are also briefly reviewed.
经过多年的不断发展，先是在布鲁克海文国家实验室的国家同步辐射光源，然后是在阿贡国家实验室的先进光子源（APS），APS超小角X射线散射（USAXS）设施通过多项新进展实现了升级。这些进展包括转换为以高阶晶体光学和更高的X射线能量作为标准运行模式，快速飞行扫描测量也作为标准运行模式，在中间散射矢量处进行自动连续针孔小角X射线散射（SAXS）测量，以及在不干扰样品几何形状的情况下进行相关的快速广角X射线散射（WAXS）测量以用于X射线衍射。由于每种模式都使用样品上游的USAXS入射光束光学元件，现在可以在5分钟内完成USAXS/SAXS/WAXS测量，从而在广泛的样品条件下以极大的灵活性实现测量能力。本文描述了这些进展，并举例说明了它们在研究具有技术重要性的材料现象中的应用。还简要回顾了两种新型USAXS应用的进展，即基于USAXS的X射线光子相关光谱学和USAXS成像。
