Tucker Joseph D, Day Suzanne, Tang Weiming, Bayus Barry
Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK.
PeerJ. 2019 Apr 12;7:e6762. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6762. eCollection 2019.
Crowdsourcing shifts medical research from a closed environment to an open collaboration between the public and researchers. We define crowdsourcing as an approach to problem solving which involves an organization having a large group attempt to solve a problem or part of a problem, then sharing solutions. Crowdsourcing allows large groups of individuals to participate in medical research through innovation challenges, hackathons, and related activities. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the definition, concepts, and applications of crowdsourcing in medicine. This multi-disciplinary review defines crowdsourcing for medicine, identifies conceptual antecedents (collective intelligence and open source models), and explores implications of the approach. Several critiques of crowdsourcing are also examined. Although several crowdsourcing definitions exist, there are two essential elements: (1) having a large group of individuals, including those with skills and those without skills, propose potential solutions; (2) sharing solutions through implementation or open access materials. The public can be a central force in contributing to formative, pre-clinical, and clinical research. A growing evidence base suggests that crowdsourcing in medicine can result in high-quality outcomes, broad community engagement, and more open science.
众包将医学研究从封闭环境转变为公众与研究人员之间的开放合作。我们将众包定义为一种解决问题的方法，即一个组织让一大群人尝试解决一个问题或部分问题，然后分享解决方案。众包使大量个人能够通过创新挑战、黑客马拉松及相关活动参与医学研究。这篇文献综述的目的是探讨众包在医学中的定义、概念和应用。这一跨学科综述为医学众包进行了定义，确定了概念先驱（集体智慧和开源模式），并探讨了该方法的影响。同时也审视了对众包的一些批评意见。尽管存在多种众包定义，但有两个基本要素：（1）让一大群人，包括有技能和无技能的人，提出潜在解决方案；（2）通过实施或开放获取材料分享解决方案。公众可以成为推动形成性研究、临床前研究和临床研究的核心力量。越来越多的证据表明，医学众包能够带来高质量的成果、广泛的社区参与以及更开放的科学。
