Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
Public Health Group, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore.
Environ Health. 2019 Apr 18;18(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s12940-019-0476-4.
Air pollution has a significant health impact. Most data originate from temperate regions. We aim to study the health impact of air pollution, particularly among the elderly, in a tropical region.
A daily time-series analysis was performed to estimate excess risk (ER) of various air pollutants on daily death counts amongst the general population in Singapore from 2001 to 2013. Air pollutants included particulate matters smaller than 10 μm, and 2.5 μm (PM, PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO), ozone (O) and sulphur dioxide (SO). The studied outcomes were non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality. Single-day lag and distributed lag models were studied and adjusted for confounders.
In single-day lag models, a 10 μg/m increase in particulate matter was associated with significant increases in non-accidental (PM ER: 0.627%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.260-0.995% and PM ER: 0.660%; 95% CI: 0.204-1.118%) and cardiovascular mortality (PM ER: 0.897; 95% CI: 0.283-1.516 and PM ER: 0.883%; 95% CI: 0.121-1.621%). This was significant in the elderly ≥ 65 years but not in those < 65 years and were seen in the acute phase of lag 0-5 days. Effects by other pollutants were minimal. For cardiovascular mortality, the effects turned protective at a cumulative lag of 30 days in the elderly and could due to "harvesting".
These first contemporary population-based data from an equatorial country with tropical climate show that exposure to particulate air pollution was significantly associated with non-accidental mortality and cardiovascular mortality, especially in the elderly.
空气污染对健康有重大影响。大多数数据都来自温带地区。我们的目的是研究热带地区空气污染对健康的影响，特别是对老年人的影响。
对 2001 年至 2013 年期间新加坡一般人群的每日死亡人数与各种空气污染物之间的超额风险（ER）进行了每日时间序列分析。研究的空气污染物包括小于 10μm 和 2.5μm 的颗粒物（PM，PM）、一氧化碳（CO）、二氧化氮（NO）、臭氧（O）和二氧化硫（SO）。研究结果为非意外和心血管死亡率。研究了单日滞后和分布式滞后模型，并针对混杂因素进行了调整。
在单日滞后模型中，PM 增加 10μg/m 与非意外死亡率（PM ER：0.627%；95%置信区间（CI）：0.260-0.995%和 PM ER：0.660%；95% CI：0.204-1.118%）和心血管死亡率（PM ER：0.897；95% CI：0.283-1.516 和 PM ER：0.883%；95% CI：0.121-1.621%）显著相关。这种相关性在≥65 岁的老年人中更为显著，但在<65 岁的老年人中不显著，且仅在滞后 0-5 天的急性阶段出现。其他污染物的影响较小。对于心血管死亡率，在老年人中，30 天的累积滞后时间出现保护效应，这可能是由于“收获效应”。
这些来自热带气候的赤道国家的首批当代基于人群的数据表明，暴露于颗粒物空气污染与非意外死亡率和心血管死亡率显著相关，特别是在老年人中。
