Saveleva Mariia S, Eftekhari Karaneh, Abalymov Anatolii, Douglas Timothy E L, Volodkin Dmitry, Parakhonskiy Bogdan V, Skirtach Andre G
Nano-BioTechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Remote Controlled Theranostic Systems Lab, Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia.
Front Chem. 2019 Apr 4;7:179. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00179. eCollection 2019.
Hybrid materials, or hybrids incorporating both organic and inorganic constituents, are emerging as a very potent and promising class of materials due to the diverse, but complementary nature of the properties inherent of these different classes of materials. The complementarity leads to a perfect synergy of properties of desired material and eventually an end-product. The diversity of resultant properties and materials used in the construction of hybrids, leads to a very broad range of application areas generated by engaging very different research communities. We provide here a general classification of hybrid materials, wherein organics--inorganics (inorganic materials modified by organic moieties) are distinguished from inorganics--organics (organic materials or matrices modified by inorganic constituents). In the former area, the surface functionalization of colloids is distinguished as a stand-alone sub-area. The latter area-functionalization of organic materials by inorganic additives-is the focus of the current review. Inorganic constituents, often in the form of small particles or structures, are made of minerals, clays, semiconductors, metals, carbons, and ceramics. They are shown to be incorporated into organic matrices, which can be distinguished as two classes: chemical and biological. Chemical organic matrices include coatings, vehicles and capsules assembled into: hydrogels, layer-by-layer assembly, polymer brushes, block co-polymers and other assemblies. Biological organic matrices encompass bio-molecules (lipids, polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes, and nucleic acids) as well as higher level organisms: cells, bacteria, and microorganisms. In addition to providing details of the above classification and analysis of the composition of hybrids, we also highlight some antagonistic yin-&-yang properties of organic and inorganic materials, review applications and provide an outlook to emerging trends.
杂化材料，即同时包含有机和无机成分的复合材料，正成为一类极具潜力和前景的材料，这是由于这些不同类型材料所具有的多样但互补的固有特性。这种互补性导致了所需材料性能的完美协同，最终形成终端产品。用于构建杂化材料的所得性能和材料的多样性，促使不同研究领域产生了极为广泛的应用领域。我们在此提供杂化材料的一般分类，其中有机 - 无机材料（由有机部分修饰的无机材料）与无机 - 有机材料（由无机成分修饰的有机材料或基质）有所区分。在前一个领域，胶体的表面功能化被视为一个独立的子领域。后一个领域——通过无机添加剂对有机材料进行功能化——是本综述的重点。无机成分通常呈小颗粒或结构形式，由矿物、粘土、半导体、金属、碳和陶瓷制成。它们被证明可掺入有机基质中，有机基质可分为两类：化学类和生物类。化学有机基质包括涂层、载体和胶囊，它们组装成：水凝胶、层层组装体、聚合物刷、嵌段共聚物和其他组装体。生物有机基质包括生物分子（脂质、多糖、蛋白质和酶以及核酸）以及更高级别的生物体：细胞、细菌和微生物。除了详细介绍上述分类并分析杂化材料的组成外，我们还强调了有机和无机材料的一些对立的阴阳特性，回顾了应用情况并展望了新兴趋势。
