a Department of Nephrology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium.
b Department of Diagnostic Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.
Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2019 Aug;56(5):333-350. doi: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1615034. Epub 2019 May 27.
Initially considered as a macrophage inhibitor (macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has been identified as a pleiotropic protein that plays key roles in prenatal development, in inflammation, in the regulation of cellular responses to stress signals, and in tissue repair after acute injuries in adult life. Multiple studies have revealed that GDF-15, a distant member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, acts as a critical hormone to regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Besides its role in the tumorigenesis and diagnosis of cancer, serum GDF-15 concentrations reflect a "systemic response" and are predictive of all-cause mortality. Based on the knowledge from animal studies of its involvement in multiple inflammatory processes, we will focus in this review on the current clinical data on GDF-15 as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and sepsis.
最初被认为是巨噬细胞抑制剂（巨噬细胞抑制细胞因子-1），生长分化因子 15（GDF-15）已被确定为一种多效蛋白，在产前发育、炎症、调节细胞对应激信号的反应以及急性损伤后的组织修复中发挥关键作用在成年期。多项研究表明，GDF-15 是转化生长因子 β（TGF-β）家族的一个远亲成员，作为一种关键激素来调节脂质和碳水化合物代谢。除了在肿瘤发生和癌症诊断中的作用外，血清 GDF-15 浓度反映了“全身反应”，并可预测全因死亡率。基于其在多种炎症过程中的动物研究知识，我们将在这篇综述中重点介绍 GDF-15 作为心血管疾病、肾脏疾病、肝脏疾病、代谢综合征、糖尿病和败血症的生物标志物的最新临床数据。
