Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Rd, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Maxim 6, 4 Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, North Lanarkshire, ML1 4WQ, UK.
Waste Manag. 2019 Apr 15;89:386-396. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.023. Epub 2019 Apr 17.
The article compares the performance of three Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) systems for tyres and discusses the respective policy context that leads to these results. It aims to give insight into the varied implementation of EPR policy through the presentation of case studies. The EPR systems for tyres in Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands are described and common success factors as well as weaknesses are examined. The systems mainly differ in respect of scope and targets for material and energy recovery. The presented case studies assign physical (through a take-back obligation) as well as financial (through an advanced disposal fee) responsibility to the producers. EPR for tyres has been found to reduce flytipping and illegal stockpiling of tyres; increase resource efficiency by increased recycling; and move waste tyre management up the waste hierarchy. It is found that best results for recycling are achieved, if the legislation sets quantitative targets and clearly defines waste status of tyres to maximise local reuse/retread. It is argued however, that recycling is favourable over reuse/retread in the case of waste tyres. The case studies show that an EPR system is no guarantee for waste treatment in the most environmentally sound way. An EPR system will only achieve its objectives if properly designed, implemented and enforced. If legislation allows, Producer Responsibility Organisations will find the cheapest, not the environmentally most favourable, solution for waste management.
本文比较了三种轮胎延伸生产者责任 (EPR) 制度的绩效，并讨论了导致这些结果的各自政策背景。它旨在通过案例研究介绍，深入了解 EPR 政策的不同实施情况。本文描述了比利时、意大利和荷兰的轮胎 EPR 制度，并研究了共同的成功因素和弱点。这些系统主要在材料和能源回收的范围和目标方面存在差异。所提出的案例研究将物理责任（通过回收义务）和财务责任（通过先进的处置费）分配给生产商。轮胎的 EPR 已被发现减少了轮胎的乱扔和非法堆积；通过提高回收利用率提高了资源效率；并将废轮胎管理提升到废物层次结构的更高位置。研究发现，如果法规设定了定量目标，并明确界定了轮胎的废物状态，以最大限度地提高当地的再利用/翻新，那么在回收方面可以取得最佳效果。然而，在废轮胎的情况下，回收比再利用/翻新更有利。案例研究表明，EPR 系统并不能保证以最环保的方式进行废物处理。只有正确设计、实施和执行，EPR 系统才能实现其目标。如果立法允许，生产者责任组织将为废物管理找到最便宜的解决方案，而不是最环保的解决方案。
