Nilsson Mats I, Tarnopolsky Mark A
Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
Biology (Basel). 2019 May 11;8(2):40. doi: 10.3390/biology8020040.
Mitochondria orchestrate the life and death of most eukaryotic cells by virtue of their ability to supply adenosine triphosphate from aerobic respiration for growth, development, and maintenance of the 'physiologic reserve'. Although their double-membrane structure and primary role as 'powerhouses of the cell' have essentially remained the same for ~2 billion years, they have evolved to regulate other cell functions that contribute to the aging process, such as reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, senescence, and apoptosis. Biological aging is characterized by buildup of intracellular debris (e.g., oxidative damage, protein aggregates, and lipofuscin), which fuels a 'vicious cycle' of cell/DNA danger response activation (CDR and DDR, respectively), chronic inflammation ('inflammaging'), and progressive cell deterioration. Therapeutic options that coordinately mitigate age-related declines in mitochondria and organelles involved in quality control, repair, and recycling are therefore highly desirable. Rejuvenation by exercise is a non-pharmacological approach that targets all the major hallmarks of aging and extends both health- and lifespan in modern humans.
线粒体通过其从有氧呼吸中提供三磷酸腺苷以促进生长、发育和维持“生理储备”的能力，调控着大多数真核细胞的生死。尽管其双膜结构以及作为“细胞动力源”的主要作用在约20亿年里基本保持不变，但它们已经进化到能够调节其他有助于衰老过程的细胞功能，如活性氧生成、炎症、衰老和凋亡。生物衰老的特征是细胞内碎片（如氧化损伤、蛋白质聚集体和脂褐素）的积累，这引发了细胞/DNA危险反应激活（分别为CDR和DDR）、慢性炎症（“炎症衰老”）和细胞渐进性恶化的“恶性循环”。因此，非常需要能够协同减轻与年龄相关的线粒体及参与质量控制、修复和循环利用的细胞器功能衰退的治疗方案。运动复健是一种非药物方法，它针对衰老的所有主要特征，延长了现代人的健康期和寿命。
