Department of Economic Psychology, Social Psychology & Experimental Methods, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Marcusstraße 9-11, 97070 Germany; Center of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, University of Würzburg, Germany.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Aug;103:230-266. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.019. Epub 2019 May 23.
Startle reflex potentiation versus startle attenuation to unpleasant versus pleasant stimuli likely reflect priming of the defensive versus appetitive motivational systems, respectively. This review summarizes and systemizes the literature on affective startle modulation related to psychopathologies with the aim to reveal underlying mechanisms across psychopathologies. We found evidence for psychopathologies characterized by increased startle potentiation to unpleasant stimuli (anxiety disorders), decreased startle potentiation to unpleasant stimuli (psychopathy), decreased startle attenuation to pleasant stimuli (ADHD), as well as a general hyporeactivity to affective stimuli (depression). Increased versus decreased startle responses to disorder-specific stimuli characterize specific phobia and drug dependence. No psychopathology is characterized by increased startle attenuation to standard pleasant stimuli or a general hyperreactivity to affective stimuli. This review indicates that the defensive and the appetitive systems operate independently mostly in accordance with the motivational priming hypothesis and that affective startle modulation is a highly valuable paradigm to unraveling dysfunctions of the defensive and appetitive systems in psychopathologies as requested by the Research Domain Criteria initiative.
惊吓反射增强与惊吓反射抑制对不愉快与愉快刺激的反应，可能分别反映了防御与欲望动机系统的启动。本综述总结和系统化了与精神病理学相关的情感性惊吓调节的文献，旨在揭示跨精神病理学的潜在机制。我们发现有证据表明，某些精神病理学表现为对不愉快刺激的惊吓反射增强（焦虑障碍）、对不愉快刺激的惊吓反射抑制减弱（精神病态）、对愉快刺激的惊吓反射抑制减弱（ADHD），以及对情感刺激的普遍低反应性（抑郁）。对特定障碍相关刺激的惊吓反应增强或减弱，分别是特定恐惧症和药物依赖的特征。没有哪种精神病理学表现为对标准愉快刺激的惊吓反射抑制增强，或对情感刺激的普遍高反应性。本综述表明，防御和欲望系统大多是独立运作的，这与动机启动假说一致，情感性惊吓调节是一个非常有价值的范式，可以根据“研究领域标准”倡议的要求，揭示精神病理学中防御和欲望系统的功能障碍。
