Rochat Nadège, Seifert Ludovic, Guignard Brice, Hauw Denis
CETAPS Laboratory - EA 3832, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont Saint Aignan, France.
Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Santé, du Sport et du Vieillissement (PHASE), Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Cogn Process. 2019 Nov;20(4):459-477. doi: 10.1007/s10339-019-00921-2. Epub 2019 Jun 1.
The incorporation of external tools during a sports activity can be analyzed through the dynamics of appropriation. In this study, we assumed that appropriation could be documented at both the phenomenological and behavioral scales and aimed to characterize trail runners' interactions with five carrying systems (i.e., backpacks proposing different ways of carrying water) in an ecological setting. The runners ran a 3-km trail running loop, equipped with inertial sensors to quantify both their vertical oscillations and those of the carrying systems. After the trials, phenomenological data were collected in enactive interviews. Results showed that (1) the runners encountered issues related to the carrying system, whose emergence in their experiences while running revealed the interplay between the tool's transparency (i.e., when runners provided no account of the carrying system) and opacity (i.e., when runners mentioned perceptions of disturbing system elements), and (2) when the runners carried the water bottles on the pectoral straps, they felt the system bouncing in an uncomfortable way, especially in the less technical parts of the route. We therefore investigated the low- and high-order parameters of coordination by computing the vertical accelerations and the acceleration couplings between the carrying system and the runners in order to identify coordination modes. The congruence between the runners' experiences and the behavioral data was noted in terms of (1) the system's vertical oscillations (i.e., low-order parameters) and (2) the couplings between the accelerations of the runners and the backpacks (i.e., high-order parameters). Our results demonstrated that the appropriation process was shaped by the interactions between the runners' activity, the environment and the physical properties of the tool. These interactions occurred in fluctuating phases where the runners perceived the carrying systems as more or less incorporated. Our results highlighted how tool incorporation is revealed through changes in its transparency/opacity in the actor's activity.
在体育活动中使用外部工具的情况可以通过使用动态分析来进行研究。在本研究中，我们假设使用情况可以在现象学和行为尺度上进行记录，并旨在描述越野跑者在自然环境中与五种携带系统（即提供不同取水方式的背包）的交互情况。跑步者进行了一次3公里的越野跑循环，配备了惯性传感器，以量化他们自身以及携带系统的垂直振荡。试验结束后，通过实践访谈收集了现象学数据。结果表明：（1）跑步者遇到了与携带系统相关的问题，这些问题在他们跑步时的体验中出现，揭示了工具的透明度（即跑步者未提及携带系统）和不透明度（即跑步者提到对干扰系统元素的感知）之间的相互作用；（2）当跑步者将水瓶挂在胸带上时，他们会感到系统以不舒服的方式跳动，尤其是在路线中技术难度较低的部分。因此，我们通过计算携带系统和跑步者之间的垂直加速度和加速度耦合来研究协调的低阶和高阶参数，以确定协调模式。在（1）系统的垂直振荡（即低阶参数）和（2）跑步者与背包加速度之间的耦合（即高阶参数）方面，注意到了跑步者的体验与行为数据之间的一致性。我们的结果表明，使用过程是由跑步者的活动、环境和工具的物理属性之间的相互作用所塑造的。这些相互作用发生在波动阶段，跑步者或多或少地将携带系统视为已融入自身。我们的结果强调了工具的融入是如何通过其在使用者活动中的透明度/不透明度变化而体现出来的。
