How do proteins 'response' to common carbon nanomaterials?

Carbon nanomaterials are widely produced and applied in biological and environmental fields because of their outstanding physical and chemical properties, which pose a threat to the safety of living organisms and the ecological environment. Therefore, understanding how carbon nanomaterials and their derivatives work on organisms is becoming important. In recent years, more and more researchers have explored the damage of carbon nanomaterials to organisms at the molecular level. This review pays special emphasis on how proteins response to the main carbon nanomaterials (fullerene, carbon nanotubes, graphene and their derivatives). In addition, how to use the interaction between carbon nanomaterials and proteins to do some beneficial things for human and the development of safe nanomaterials is simply discussed. Finally, some suggestions have been made to lay a theoretical foundation for future research.