Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
Small. 2019 Aug;15(34):e1902333. doi: 10.1002/smll.201902333. Epub 2019 Jun 28.
Incapability of effective cross-talk with biological environments has partly impaired the in vivo functionality of nanoparticles (NPs). Homing, biodistribution, and function of NPs could be engineered through regulating their interactions with in vivo niches. Inspired by communications in biological systems, endowing a "biological identity" to synthetic NPs is one approach to control their biodistribution, and immunonegotiation profiles. This synthetic-biological combination is referred to as biohybrid NPs, which comprise both i) engineerable, readily producible, and trackable synthetic NPs as well as ii) biological moieties with the capability to cross-talk with immunological barriers. Here, the latest understanding on the in vivo interactions of NPs, biological barriers they face, and emerging methods for quantitative measurements of NPs' biodistribution are reviewed. Some key biomolecules that have emerged as negotiators with the immune system in the context of cancer and autoimmunity, and their inspirations on biohybrid NPs are introduced. Critical design considerations for efficient cross-talk between NPs and innate and adaptive immunity followed by hybridization methods are also discussed. Finally, clinical translation challenges and future perspectives regarding biohybrid NPs are discussed.
与生物环境进行有效交流的能力不足，部分削弱了纳米粒子（NPs）的体内功能。通过调节它们与体内生态位的相互作用，可以设计 NPs 的归巢、生物分布和功能。受生物系统通讯的启发，赋予合成 NPs“生物身份”是控制其生物分布和免疫谈判特征的一种方法。这种合成-生物组合被称为生物杂交 NPs，它包括：i）可设计、易于生产和可追踪的合成 NPs，以及 ii）具有与免疫屏障进行交流能力的生物部分。在这里，综述了关于 NPs 的体内相互作用、它们所面临的生物屏障以及用于定量测量 NPs 生物分布的新兴方法的最新理解。介绍了一些在癌症和自身免疫背景下作为与免疫系统谈判的关键生物分子，以及它们对生物杂交 NPs 的启示。还讨论了 NPs 与先天和适应性免疫之间有效交流的关键设计考虑因素，以及随后的杂交方法。最后，讨论了生物杂交 NPs 的临床转化挑战和未来展望。
