Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Preventive Medicine Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Nutrition Research Foundation, University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain.
Nutrition Research Foundation, University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain; School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, Salt, Spain; Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
Mol Aspects Med. 2019 Jun;67:1-55. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.001. Epub 2019 Jul 4.
More than 50 years after the Seven Countries Study, a large number of epidemiological studies have explored the relationship between the Mediterranean diet (MD) and health, through observational, case-control, some longitudinal and a few experimental studies. The overall results show strong evidence suggesting a protective effect of the MD mainly on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and certain types of cancer. The beneficial effects have been attributed to the types of food consumed, total dietary pattern, components in the food, cooking techniques, eating behaviors and lifestyle behaviors, among others. The aim of this article is to review and summarize the knowledge derived from the literature focusing on the benefits of the MD on health, including those that have been extensively investigated (CVD, cancer) along with more recent issues such as mental health, immunity, quality of life, etc. The review begins with a brief description of the MD and its components. Then we present a review of studies evaluating metabolic biomarkers and genotypes in relation to the MD. Other sections are dedicated to observation and intervention studies for various pathologies. Finally, some insights into the relationship between the MD and sustainability are explored. In conclusion, the research undertaken on metabolomics approaches has identified potential markers for certain MD components and patterns, but more investigation is needed to obtain valid measures. Further evaluation of gene-MD interactions are also required to better understand the mechanisms by which the MD diet exerts its beneficial effects on health. Observation and intervention studies, particularly PREDIMED, have provided invaluable data on the benefits of the MD for a wide range of chronic diseases. However further research is needed to explore the effects of other lifestyle components associated with Mediterranean populations, its environmental impact, as well as the MD extrapolation to non-Mediterranean contexts.
在《七国研究》发表 50 多年后，大量的流行病学研究通过观察性、病例对照、部分纵向和少数实验研究，探索了地中海饮食（MD）与健康之间的关系。总体结果表明，有强有力的证据表明 MD 主要对心血管疾病（CVD）和某些类型的癌症风险具有保护作用。这些有益的影响归因于所摄入的食物类型、整体饮食模式、食物中的成分、烹饪技术、饮食行为和生活方式行为等。本文的目的是综述和总结文献中关于 MD 对健康益处的知识，包括已广泛研究的（CVD、癌症）以及心理健康、免疫力、生活质量等更近期的问题。本文首先简要描述了 MD 及其组成部分。然后，我们回顾了评估与 MD 相关的代谢生物标志物和基因型的研究。其他部分专门用于各种疾病的观察和干预研究。最后，探讨了 MD 与可持续性之间的关系。总之，关于代谢组学方法的研究已经确定了某些 MD 成分和模式的潜在标志物，但需要进一步研究以获得有效的衡量标准。还需要进一步评估基因-MD 相互作用，以更好地理解 MD 饮食对健康产生有益影响的机制。观察和干预研究，特别是 PREDIMED，为 MD 对广泛的慢性疾病的益处提供了宝贵的数据。然而，需要进一步研究来探索与地中海人群相关的其他生活方式成分、其环境影响以及 MD 向非地中海环境的推广的影响。
