Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Sep;252(Pt B):1412-1422. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.078. Epub 2019 Jun 23.
Concerning PM concentrations, rapid industrialization, along with increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) were recorded in Pakistan, especially in urban areas. The degree to which air pollution contributes to the increase in the burden of CVD in Pakistan has not been assessed due to lack of data. This study aims to describe the characteristics of PM constituents and investigate the impact of individual PM constituent on cardiovascular morbidity in Karachi, a mega city in Pakistan. Daily levels of twenty-one constituents of PM were analyzed using samples collected at two sites from fall 2008 to summer 2009 in Karachi. Hospital admission and emergency room visits due to CVD were collected from two large hospitals. Negative Binominal Regression was used to estimate associations between pollutants and the risk of CVD. All PM constituents were assessed in single-pollutant models and selected constituents were assessed in multi-pollutant models adjusting for PM mass and gaseous pollutants. The most common CVD subtypes among our participants were ischemic heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Extremely high levels of PM constituents from fossil-fuels combustion and industrial emissions were observed, with notable peaks in winter. The most consistent associations were found between exposure to nickel (5-14% increase per interquartile range) and cardiovascular hospital admissions. Suggestive evidence was also observed for associations between cardiovascular hospital admissions and Al, Fe, Ti, and nitrate. Our findings suggested that PM generated from fossil-fuels combustion and road dust resuspension were associated with the increased risk of CVD in Pakistan.
关于 PM 浓度，巴基斯坦，尤其是城市地区，工业化迅速发展，心血管疾病 (CVD) 发病率也有所上升。由于缺乏数据，尚未评估空气污染对巴基斯坦 CVD 负担增加的影响程度。本研究旨在描述 PM 成分的特征，并研究在巴基斯坦卡拉奇这个特大城市中，个别 PM 成分对心血管发病率的影响。使用 2008 年秋季至 2009 年夏季在卡拉奇两个地点采集的样本，分析了 21 种 PM 成分的日浓度。从两家大型医院收集了因 CVD 住院和急诊的病例。采用负二项回归模型来估计污染物与 CVD 风险之间的关联。在单污染物模型中评估了所有 PM 成分的相关性，在多污染物模型中评估了选定的 PM 成分的相关性，调整了 PM 质量和气态污染物的影响。我们的研究参与者中最常见的 CVD 亚型是缺血性心脏病、高血压、心力衰竭和心肌病。研究中观察到化石燃料燃烧和工业排放产生的 PM 成分浓度极高，冬季时浓度峰值尤为明显。暴露于镍（每四分位间距增加 5-14%）与心血管住院之间的关联最为一致。心血管住院与铝、铁、钛和硝酸盐之间也存在关联的迹象。我们的研究结果表明，化石燃料燃烧和道路扬尘产生的 PM 与巴基斯坦 CVD 风险的增加有关。
